diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Agent/main.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Agent/main.swift
index fdaed727..a82ade8c 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Agent/main.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Agent/main.swift
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ private func superviseChild(
   flags: SignalFlags
 ) -> SupervisionOutcome {
   var current = document
-  // SIGUSR1 没有应用确认，旧进程曾用过的引用保守保留到该进程退出。
+  // 重载信号没有应用确认，旧进程曾用过的引用保守保留到该进程退出。
   var processFiles = document.retainedFiles
-  var reloadPending = false
+  var reloadPending = Set<Int32>()
   var healthy = false
   var receiptPublished = false
   var readinessDeadline = Date().addingTimeInterval(listenEstablishmentDeadline)
@@ -113,13 +113,10 @@ private func superviseChild(
     }
     if !healthy {
       if listenersAreEstablished(document: current, child: child) {
-        if reloadPending {
-          guard kill(child.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1) == 0 else {
-            recordDeploymentFailure(current, reason: "Deferred reload failed")
-            _ = stopChild(child)
-            return .stopped
-          }
-          reloadPending = false
+        guard sendReloadSignals(&reloadPending, to: child.processIdentifier) else {
+          recordDeploymentFailure(current, reason: "Deferred reload failed")
+          _ = stopChild(child)
+          return .stopped
         }
         healthy = true
       } else if Date() >= readinessDeadline {
@@ -165,25 +162,33 @@ private func superviseChild(
         }
         return .restart
       }
-      let needsDeferral = next.acl != nil && !listenersAreEstablished(document: next, child: child)
-      guard selectDeployment(next), needsDeferral || kill(child.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1) == 0
+      // 无需重启的更新沿用本子进程已建立的监听事实。
+      let needsDeferral = next.acl != nil && !healthy
+      reloadPending.formUnion(next.reloadSignals(from: current))
+      guard selectDeployment(next),
+        needsDeferral
+          || sendReloadSignals(&reloadPending, to: child.processIdentifier)
       else {
-        recordDeploymentFailure(next, reason: "Server reload failed")
+        recordDeploymentFailure(next, reason: "Reload failed")
         _ = stopChild(child)
         return .stopped
       }
       RuntimeLog.emit(needsDeferral ? .reloadDeferred : .reloadForwarded)
-      reloadPending = needsDeferral
       processFiles.formUnion(next.retainedFiles)
       current = next
       receiptPublished = false
-      healthy = false
       readinessDeadline = Date().addingTimeInterval(listenEstablishmentDeadline)
     }
     _ = flags.wait(timeout: .now() + listenProbeInterval)
   }
 }
 
+private func sendReloadSignals(_ signals: inout Set<Int32>, to processID: Int32) -> Bool {
+  guard signals.sorted().allSatisfy({ kill(processID, $0) == 0 }) else { return false }
+  signals.removeAll()
+  return true
+}
+
 /// 停止超时不得进入启动分支。保留 pid 文件供下次 Agent 拒绝重叠启动。
 private func stopChild(_ child: Process) -> Bool {
   RuntimeLog.emit(.sslocalStopRequested)
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Convergence.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Convergence.swift
index 21bcf358..3add74a2 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Convergence.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Convergence.swift
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
   private func convergencePlanIsEmpty(
     _ document: SslocalRuntimeDocument, preparedContract: PreparedRuntimeContract?
   ) -> Bool {
+    guard runtimeReloadProcesses.isEmpty else { return false }
     switch state {
     case .running, .firewallBlocked:
       break
@@ -197,11 +198,12 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       return .unchanged
     }
     if policy == .modeTransition, unchanged,
-      runtimeFileStore.readFailure() == nil, alreadyRunning
+      runtimeFileStore.readFailure() == nil, alreadyRunning,
+      aclReloadProcessID(for: next) != nil
     {
       guard settings.systemProxyEnabled else { return .unchanged }
-      state = .starting
-      return await presentLaunchHealth(next) ? .applied : .failed
+      await systemProxyObserver.convergeSystemProxy()
+      return .applied
     }
     if policy == .savedRules {
       modeChangeGeneration += 1
@@ -217,6 +219,20 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
     case savedRules
   }
 
+  /// 仅 ACL 变化且原有子进程仍健康时，继续沿用监听事实。
+  private func aclReloadProcessID(for document: SslocalRuntimeDocument) -> Int32? {
+    switch state {
+    case .running, .firewallBlocked: break
+    default: return nil
+    }
+    guard agent.status == .registered, case .running = wrapperState(),
+      let identity = document.replacingACL(nil).intentSHA256,
+      runtimeObservation?.configurationIntentSHA256 == identity
+    else { return nil }
+    return effectiveRuntimeListenerProcessID
+      ?? runtimeReloadProcesses.values.first(where: { processIsAlive($0) })
+  }
+
   /// 共用执行脊柱；票据不越过意图 seam。
   private func apply(
     _ document: SslocalRuntimeDocument,
@@ -235,8 +251,12 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       return .unchanged
     }
     guard convergenceIsCurrent(ticket) else { return .superseded }
+    let reloadingProcessID = aclReloadProcessID(for: document)
+    let reloadID = UUID()
+    if let reloadingProcessID { runtimeReloadProcesses[reloadID] = reloadingProcessID }
+    defer { runtimeReloadProcesses.removeValue(forKey: reloadID) }
     runtimeObservation = RuntimeDeploymentFacts(document)
-    state = .starting
+    if reloadingProcessID == nil { state = .starting }
     let execution = await execute(.run(document), document: document, preparedContract: contract)
     ticket.flow = execution.flow
     guard convergenceIsCurrent(ticket) else { return .superseded }
@@ -250,7 +270,8 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       document,
       requiresReceipt: policy != .deployment || document.aclRuntime != nil,
       convergeProxyOnSuccess: policy == .deployment,
-      preserveProxyOnFailure: false, preparedContract: contract)
+      preserveProxyOnFailure: false, preparedContract: contract,
+      reloadingProcessID: reloadingProcessID)
     guard convergenceIsCurrent(ticket) else { return .superseded }
     guard healthy else {
       await failDeployment(ticket: &ticket)
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Health.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Health.swift
index 1c7c2ce4..e1065666 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Health.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController+Health.swift
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
     requiresReceipt: Bool = false,
     convergeProxyOnSuccess: Bool = true,
     preserveProxyOnFailure: Bool = false,
-    preparedContract: PreparedRuntimeContract? = nil
+    preparedContract: PreparedRuntimeContract? = nil,
+    reloadingProcessID: Int32? = nil
   ) async -> Bool {
     guard preparedContract == nil || preparedContract?.document == document else {
       return await reportRuntimeFileFailure(preserveProxyOnFailure: preserveProxyOnFailure)
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       guard generation == flowGeneration, preparation == runtimePreparationGeneration else {
         return false
       }
-      let attempt = await launchHealthAttempt(facts, expectedDigest: expectedDigest)
+      let attempt = await launchHealthAttempt(
+        facts, expectedDigest: expectedDigest, reloadingProcessID: reloadingProcessID)
       guard generation == flowGeneration, preparation == runtimePreparationGeneration else {
         return false
       }
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
 
   private func launchHealthAttempt(
     _ document: RuntimeDeploymentFacts,
-    expectedDigest: String?
+    expectedDigest: String?, reloadingProcessID: Int32? = nil
   ) async -> LaunchHealthAttempt {
     if runtimeFileStore.blocksDeployment(document.intentSHA256) { return .agentLost }
     var receiptForHealth: RuntimeDeploymentReceipt?
@@ -94,8 +96,11 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       receiptForHealth = receipt
     }
 
-    if let endpointFailure = await unhealthyLocalEndpoint(in: document) {
-      return .retry(endpointFailure)
+    if reloadingProcessID == nil || receiptForHealth?.processID != reloadingProcessID {
+      if reloadingProcessID != nil { state = .starting }
+      if let endpointFailure = await unhealthyLocalEndpoint(in: document) {
+        return .retry(endpointFailure)
+      }
     }
 
     if let receiptForHealth {
@@ -224,7 +229,7 @@ extension ProxyRuntimeController {
       else { return }
       systemProxyObserver.refreshSystemProxyApproval()
       systemProxyObserver.updateSystemProxyActions()
-      guard settings.systemProxyEnabled, state != .starting,
+      guard settings.systemProxyEnabled, state != .starting, runtimeReloadProcesses.isEmpty,
         !systemProxyObserver.systemProxyStartupInProgress, settings.agentEnabled,
         let document = runtimeObservation
       else { continue }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController.swift
index 0e00ef3d..4fc10903 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeController.swift
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ final class ProxyRuntimeController {
   var flowGeneration = 0
   var modeChangeGeneration = 0
   var runtimeObservation: RuntimeDeploymentFacts?
+  var runtimeReloadProcesses: [UUID: Int32] = [:]
   var firewallObservationTask: Task<Void, Never>?
 
   var proxyMode: ProxyMode { didSet { factChanges.markChanged() } }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeFileStore.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeFileStore.swift
index 126d6570..0cde8d94 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeFileStore.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeFileStore.swift
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@ struct RuntimeFileStore {
           contract.document, old: old, create: { try create($0, kind: $1, suffix: $2) })
         let encoded = authentication.document
         let configurationData = try encoded.jsonData()
+        let configurationID =
+          old.flatMap { previous -> String? in
+            guard let identity = previous.configurationID,
+              publishedIntent(previous)?.configurationSHA256
+                == ProxyACLDocument.digest(configurationData),
+              (try? Data(contentsOf: directoryURL.appendingPathComponent(previous.configuration)))
+                == configurationData
+            else { return nil }
+            return identity
+          } ?? UUID().uuidString
         let configuration = try create(configurationData, kind: "config", suffix: "sslocal.json")
         let intent = PublishedRuntimeIntent(
           sha256: contract.sha256, configurationSHA256: ProxyACLDocument.digest(configurationData),
@@ -79,7 +89,8 @@ struct RuntimeFileStore {
           JSONEncoder().encode(intent), kind: "config", suffix: "intent.json")
         let snapshot = RuntimeSupervision(
           version: 2, generation: generation, deploymentID: UUID().uuidString,
-          configuration: configuration, intentMetadata: intentMetadata,
+          configuration: configuration, configurationID: configurationID,
+          intentMetadata: intentMetadata,
           locals: encoded.locals.map {
             .init(
               inboundProtocol: $0.inboundProtocol, localAddress: $0.localAddress,
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeSupervision.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeSupervision.swift
index 45f35c84..9473c3bf 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeSupervision.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/RuntimeSupervision.swift
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ struct RuntimeSupervision: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
   let generation: UInt64
   let deploymentID: String
   let configuration: String
+  /// 配置字节未变时复用的随机身份；旧监管资料缺失时保守重载配置。
+  let configurationID: String?
   /// GUI 私有意图摘要的同代文件；Agent 只保留引用，不读取正文。
   let intentMetadata: String
   let locals: [Endpoint]
@@ -44,7 +46,16 @@ struct RuntimeSupervision: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
 
   func requiresRestart(from old: Self) -> Bool {
     locals != old.locals || ipv6Only != old.ipv6Only
-      || authenticationID != old.authenticationID || acl != old.acl
+      || authenticationID != old.authenticationID
+  }
+
+  func reloadSignals(from old: Self) -> Set<Int32> {
+    var signals = Set<Int32>()
+    if configurationID == nil || configurationID != old.configurationID {
+      signals.insert(SIGUSR1)
+    }
+    if acl != old.acl { signals.insert(SIGUSR2) }
+    return signals
   }
 
   var hasValidStructure: Bool {
@@ -53,6 +64,7 @@ struct RuntimeSupervision: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
       RuntimePublication.generation(of: configuration) == generation,
       RuntimePublication.generation(of: intentMetadata) == generation,
       configuration != intentMetadata,
+      configurationID.map({ UUID(uuidString: $0) != nil }) ?? true,
       authenticationFiles.allSatisfy({ $0.hasPrefix("auth-") && $0.hasSuffix(".json") }),
       aclVariants.values.allSatisfy({ $0.file.hasPrefix("acl-") && $0.file.hasSuffix(".ini") }),
       authenticationID.map({ UUID(uuidString: $0) != nil }) ?? true,
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/SslocalRuntimeDocument.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/SslocalRuntimeDocument.swift
index 714d971c..e65ce50d 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/SslocalRuntimeDocument.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Runtime/SslocalRuntimeDocument.swift
@@ -317,6 +317,7 @@ struct RuntimeDeploymentFacts: Equatable, Sendable {
   let hasServers: Bool
   let aclSummary: String?
   let intentSHA256: String?
+  let configurationIntentSHA256: String?
 
   init(_ document: SslocalRuntimeDocument) {
     locals = document.locals.map {
@@ -328,5 +329,6 @@ struct RuntimeDeploymentFacts: Equatable, Sendable {
     hasServers = !document.servers.isEmpty
     aclSummary = document.aclRuntime?.summary
     intentSHA256 = document.intentSHA256
+    configurationIntentSHA256 = document.replacingACL(nil).intentSHA256
   }
 }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests+ChangeProtocol.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests+ChangeProtocol.swift
index cf348875..81f7b42a 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests+ChangeProtocol.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests+ChangeProtocol.swift
@@ -51,45 +51,139 @@ final class AgentLifecycleChangeProtocolTests: AgentLifecycleTests {
       "两次停止各转发一次 SIGTERM")
   }
 
-  func testSIGUSR1WithACLChangeRestartsSslocalWithoutUnreadyReceipt() throws {
+  private func installGatedListeningStub() throws {
+    // 同一 PID 在显式放行后才建立监听，避免通过延时猜测启动阶段。
+    let script = #"""
+      #!/usr/bin/python3
+      import json, os, pathlib, select, signal, socket, sys, time
+      root = pathlib.Path(os.environ["SSXNG_RUNTIME_DIR"])
+      state = pathlib.Path(os.environ["SSLOCAL_STUB_STATE"])
+      def record(value):
+          with state.open("a") as output:
+              output.write(value + "\n")
+      def stopped(*args):
+          record("SIGTERM")
+          sys.exit(0)
+      signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, stopped)
+      signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, lambda *args: record("SIGUSR1"))
+      signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR2, lambda *args: record("SIGUSR2"))
+      (pathlib.Path(os.environ["SSLOCAL_STUB_PID_DIR"]) / str(os.getpid())).touch()
+      record("invoked: gated listener")
+      with open(sys.argv[2]) as source:
+          configuration = json.load(source)
+      while not (root / "release-listeners").exists():
+          time.sleep(0.01)
+      listeners = []
+      for local in configuration["locals"]:
+          listener = socket.socket()
+          listener.bind((local["local_address"], local["local_port"]))
+          listener.listen(128)
+          listeners.append(listener)
+      probe_count = 0
+      while True:
+          ready = select.select(listeners, [], [], 0.01)[0]
+          while ready:
+              for listener in ready:
+                  connection, _ = listener.accept()
+                  connection.close()
+                  probe_count += 1
+              ready = select.select(listeners, [], [], 0)[0]
+          request = root / "probe-count-request"
+          if request.exists():
+              token = request.read_text()
+              request.unlink()
+              response = root / ("probe-count-" + token)
+              temporary = response.with_suffix(".tmp")
+              temporary.write_text(str(probe_count))
+              temporary.replace(response)
+      """#
+    try script.write(
+      to: workDir.appendingPathComponent("stub-sslocal.sh"), atomically: false, encoding: .utf8)
+  }
+
+  func testDeferredACLSignalSurvivesSubsequentServerOnlyPublication() throws {
     let runtimeStore = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: contractURL)
-    let previous = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument()
+    let socks = try TCPListenerFixture()
+    let http = try TCPListenerFixture()
+    let listen = ProxyListeningConfiguration(socksPort: socks.port, httpPort: http.port)
+    socks.closeListener()
+    http.closeListener()
+    let previous = SslocalRuntimeDocument(
+      servers: [], listen: listen, acl: .global(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
     try writeContract(previous)
+    try installGatedListeningStub()
     let wrapper = try launchWrapper(behavior: "run")
+    XCTAssertTrue(try waitUntil { self.stateLog().contains("invoked:") })
+    let next = previous.replacingACL(.direct(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
+    try writeContract(next)
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    let deferred = "reload deferred until listeners are ready"
+    XCTAssertTrue(try waitUntil { self.agentLog().components(separatedBy: deferred).count == 2 })
+    let final = SslocalRuntimeDocument(
+      servers: ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument().servers, listen: listen, acl: next.aclRuntime)
+    try writeContract(final)
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    XCTAssertTrue(try waitUntil { self.agentLog().components(separatedBy: deferred).count == 3 })
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGUSR1"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGUSR2"))
+    try Data().write(to: workDir.appendingPathComponent("release-listeners"))
     XCTAssertTrue(
       try waitUntil {
-        runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt()?.deploymentID
-          == runtimeStore.receiptIdentity(for: previous)
-      }, "首次实例启动后应发布运行回执")
-    let previousProcessID = try XCTUnwrap(runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID)
+        self.stateLog().contains("SIGUSR1") && self.stateLog().contains("SIGUSR2")
+          && runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt()?.deploymentID
+            == runtimeStore.receiptIdentity(for: final)
+      })
+    func probeCount(_ token: Int) throws -> Int {
+      let response = workDir.appendingPathComponent("probe-count-\(token)")
+      try AtomicFileWriter.write(
+        Data(String(token).utf8), to: workDir.appendingPathComponent("probe-count-request"))
+      XCTAssertTrue(try waitUntil { FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: response.path) })
+      return try XCTUnwrap(Int(String(contentsOf: response, encoding: .utf8)))
+    }
+    let probesBeforeReload = try probeCount(1)
+    let aclOnly = final.replacingACL(.global(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
+    try writeContract(aclOnly)
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    XCTAssertTrue(
+      try waitUntil {
+        self.stateLog().components(separatedBy: "SIGUSR2").count == 3
+          && runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt()?.deploymentID
+            == runtimeStore.receiptIdentity(for: aclOnly)
+      })
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      try probeCount(2), probesBeforeReload, "健康实例热重载前后均不得重新连接监听端口")
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      stateLog().components(separatedBy: "SIGUSR1").count - 1, 1,
+      "仅 ACL 变化不得重新加载服务器配置")
+    XCTAssertEqual(stateLog().components(separatedBy: "invoked:").count - 1, 1)
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGTERM"))
+    kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGTERM)
+    XCTAssertEqual(try waitForExit(wrapper), 0)
+  }
+
+  func testACLReloadIsDeferredWithoutRestartUntilListenersAreReady() throws {
+    let runtimeStore = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: contractURL)
+    let previous = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument()
+      .replacingACL(.global(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
+    try writeContract(previous)
+    let wrapper = try launchWrapper(behavior: "run")
+    XCTAssertTrue(try waitUntil { self.stateLog().contains("invoked:") })
 
     let next = previous.replacingACL(.direct(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
     try writeContract(next)
-    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0, "SIGUSR1 应送达 wrapper")
-
-    XCTAssertTrue(
-      try waitUntil {
-        return self.agentLog().contains("reload: listen change, restarting sslocal")
-          && self.stateLog().components(separatedBy: "invoked:").count >= 3
-      },
-      "ACL 摘要变化应完整重启 sslocal；agent: \(agentLog())"
-    )
-    // 再发送 server-only reload，让就绪检查完成后给出明确的拒绝信号。
-    let serverReload = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument(serverAddress: "198.51.100.9")
-      .replacingACL(.direct(at: runtimeStore.aclFileURL))
-    try writeContract(serverReload)
     XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
     XCTAssertTrue(
-      try waitUntil { self.agentLog().contains("reload deferred until listeners are ready") },
-      "未绑定监听的重启实例应拒绝发布回执并推迟重载")
-    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGUSR1"), "未就绪时不能转发 server-only reload")
-    XCTAssertNil(
-      runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt(),
-      "stub 未绑定代理端口时，不得为直连实例发布回执（旧 pid=\(previousProcessID)）")
+      try waitUntil { self.agentLog().contains("reload deferred until listeners are ready") })
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGUSR1"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGUSR2"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(stateLog().contains("SIGTERM"))
+    XCTAssertEqual(stateLog().components(separatedBy: "invoked:").count - 1, 1)
+    XCTAssertNil(runtimeStore.readRuntimeReceipt())
 
     kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGTERM)
     XCTAssertEqual(try waitForExit(wrapper), 0)
   }
+
 }
 
 final class AgentLifecycleStaleListenerTests: AgentLifecycleTests {
@@ -161,7 +255,7 @@ final class AgentLifecycleListenDeadlineTests: AgentLifecycleTests {
 
 private final class TCPListenerFixture {
   let port: Int
-  private let descriptor: Int32
+  private var descriptor: Int32
 
   init() throws {
     let socketDescriptor = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)
@@ -199,7 +293,12 @@ private final class TCPListenerFixture {
     port = Int(CFSwapInt16BigToHost(boundAddress.sin_port))
   }
 
+  func closeListener() {
+    if descriptor >= 0 { close(descriptor) }
+    descriptor = -1
+  }
+
   deinit {
-    close(descriptor)
+    closeListener()
   }
 }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests.swift
index 8ebbb32a..36828be1 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Agent/AgentLifecycleTests.swift
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ class AgentLifecycleTests: XCTestCase {
       trap 'rm -f "$child_pid_file"' EXIT
       trap 'echo "SIGTERM" >> "$SSLOCAL_STUB_STATE"; exit 0' TERM
       trap 'echo "SIGUSR1" >> "$SSLOCAL_STUB_STATE"' USR1
+      trap 'echo "SIGUSR2" >> "$SSLOCAL_STUB_STATE"' USR2
       for other in "$SSLOCAL_STUB_PID_DIR"/*; do
         if [ -f "$other" ] && kill -0 "${other##*/}" 2>/dev/null; then
           echo "OVERLAPPING CHILD" >> "$SSLOCAL_STUB_STATE"
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeControllerTests+Mode.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeControllerTests+Mode.swift
index 582f2208..ac3b6ddc 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeControllerTests+Mode.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/ProxyRuntimeControllerTests+Mode.swift
@@ -8,6 +8,93 @@ final class ProxyRuntimeModeCommandTests: ProxyRuntimeControllerTests {
     BuiltinRuleSnapshots(loader: ProxyRuntimeFixture.controlFlowRuleSnapshot)
   }
 
+  func testHealthyModeSwitchKeepsRunningWithoutProbingPorts() async throws {
+    let seeded = try makeSeededCatalog()
+    let probe = ProxyRuntimeFixture.FakeProbe.reachable()
+    let controller = makeController(probe: probe)
+    try await controller.activate(seeded.server)
+    try Data("42".utf8).write(to: runtime.pidFile)
+    let callsBefore = probe.callCount
+    let runtimeStore = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract)
+    var statesAtReload: [ProxyRuntimeController.AgentRunState] = []
+    signals.reloadReceipt = {
+      statesAtReload.append(controller.state)
+      try? runtimeStore.writePublishedRuntimeReceipt(processID: 42)
+    }
+
+    await controller.setProxyMode(.direct)
+    await controller.setProxyMode(.global)
+    await controller.setProxyMode(.rule)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(statesAtReload, [.running, .running, .running])
+    XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .running)
+    XCTAssertEqual(probe.callCount, callsBefore, "热重载不得重新探测未变化的监听端口")
+  }
+
+  func testACLReloadWithReplacementChildStillProbesListeners() async throws {
+    let seeded = try makeSeededCatalog()
+    let probe = ProxyRuntimeFixture.FakeProbe.reachable()
+    let controller = makeController(probe: probe, processIsAlive: { [42, 43].contains($0) })
+    try await controller.activate(seeded.server)
+    try Data("42".utf8).write(to: runtime.pidFile)
+    let callsBefore = probe.callCount
+    let runtimeStore = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract)
+    signals.reloadReceipt = { try? runtimeStore.writePublishedRuntimeReceipt(processID: 43) }
+
+    await controller.setProxyMode(.direct)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .running)
+    XCTAssertGreaterThan(probe.callCount, callsBefore, "新子进程必须重新验证监听")
+  }
+
+  func testACLReloadRequiresCurrentReceiptWithoutProbingUnchangedListeners() async throws {
+    let seeded = try makeSeededCatalog()
+    let probe = ProxyRuntimeFixture.FakeProbe.reachable()
+    let controller = makeController(probe: probe)
+    try await controller.activate(seeded.server)
+    try Data("42".utf8).write(to: runtime.pidFile)
+    let callsBefore = probe.callCount
+    signals.reloadReceipt = {}
+
+    await controller.setProxyMode(.direct)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .serviceFailed(.agent))
+    XCTAssertEqual(probe.callCount, callsBefore)
+    XCTAssertNotNil(RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract).readFailure())
+  }
+
+  func testNewModeSupersedesPendingACLReloadWithoutStartingOrProbing() async throws {
+    let seeded = try makeSeededCatalog()
+    let probe = ProxyRuntimeFixture.FakeProbe.reachable()
+    let waiting = expectation(description: "waiting for reload receipt")
+    let gate = RuleRuntimeDelayGate(started: waiting)
+    let controller = makeController(
+      probe: probe, launchHealthTimeoutSeconds: 5,
+      launchHealthRetryDelay: { try await gate.wait() })
+    try await controller.activate(seeded.server)
+    try Data("42".utf8).write(to: runtime.pidFile)
+    let callsBefore = probe.callCount
+    signals.reloadReceipt = {}
+    let pending = Task { await controller.setProxyMode(.direct) }
+    try await withTestTask(pending, release: { gate.resume() }) {
+      try await requireTestPhase([waiting])
+      XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .running)
+      let store = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract)
+      var stateAtReload: ProxyRuntimeController.AgentRunState?
+      self.signals.reloadReceipt = {
+        stateAtReload = controller.state
+        try? store.writePublishedRuntimeReceipt(processID: 42)
+      }
+      await controller.setProxyMode(.global)
+      XCTAssertEqual(stateAtReload, .running)
+      XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .running)
+      XCTAssertEqual(probe.callCount, callsBefore)
+    }
+    XCTAssertTrue(controller.runtimeReloadProcesses.isEmpty)
+    XCTAssertEqual(controller.proxyMode, .global)
+    XCTAssertEqual(controller.state, .running)
+  }
+
   func testSetProxyModePersistsTheChoiceAndARestoreRestoresIt() async throws {
     let listeningStore = InMemoryProxyListeningStore()
     let controller = makeController(
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/RuntimeConvergenceTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/RuntimeConvergenceTests.swift
index 1079620f..5a38b570 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/RuntimeConvergenceTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/ProxyRuntime/RuntimeConvergenceTests.swift
@@ -116,12 +116,13 @@ struct RuntimeConvergenceTests {
   }
 
   @Test(arguments: [false, true])
-  func unchangedModeACLOnlyChecksHealthWhenSystemProxyIsEnabled(
+  func unchangedModeACLDoesNotReprobeHealthyListeners(
     systemProxyEnabled: Bool
   ) async throws {
     let fixture = try Fixture(systemProxyEnabled: systemProxyEnabled)
     defer { fixture.cleanUp() }
     try await fixture.controller.activate(fixture.server)
+    try Data("42".utf8).write(to: fixture.runtime.pidFile)
     let bytes = try Data(contentsOf: fixture.runtimeStore.fileURL)
     let registers = fixture.agent.registerCount
     let unregisters = fixture.agent.unregisterCount
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ struct RuntimeConvergenceTests {
     #expect(fixture.agent.registerCount == registers)
     #expect(fixture.agent.unregisterCount == unregisters)
     #expect(fixture.signals.signalsSent.filter { $0.signal != 0 }.count == signals)
-    #expect(fixture.probe.ports.count == probes + (systemProxyEnabled ? 2 : 0))
+    #expect(fixture.probe.ports.count == probes)
   }
 
   @MainActor
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Runtime/RuntimePublicationTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Runtime/RuntimePublicationTests.swift
index 4a1b5627..d68f6a64 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Runtime/RuntimePublicationTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Runtime/RuntimePublicationTests.swift
@@ -1,9 +1,49 @@
+import Darwin
 import Foundation
 import Testing
 
 @testable import ShadowsocksX_NG2
 
 struct RuntimePublicationTests {
+  @Test func aclAndServerChangesDoNotRequireRestart() throws {
+    let runtime = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeTemporaryRuntime()
+    defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: runtime.directory) }
+    let store = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract)
+    try store.write(
+      ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument().replacingACL(.global(at: store.aclFileURL)))
+    let previous = try #require(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL))
+    try store.write(
+      ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument(serverAddress: "198.51.100.9")
+        .replacingACL(.direct(at: store.aclFileURL)))
+    let next = try #require(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL))
+    #expect(next.acl != previous.acl)
+    #expect(next.configurationID != previous.configurationID)
+    #expect(next.reloadSignals(from: previous) == [SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2])
+    #expect(!next.requiresRestart(from: previous))
+  }
+
+  @Test func configurationIdentitySurvivesACLOnlyPublicationAndLegacyReloadIsConservative() throws {
+    let runtime = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeTemporaryRuntime()
+    defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: runtime.directory) }
+    let store = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: runtime.contract)
+    let source = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeDocument().replacingACL(.global(at: store.aclFileURL))
+    try store.write(source)
+    let previous = try #require(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL))
+    try store.write(source.replacingACL(.direct(at: store.aclFileURL)))
+    let next = try #require(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL))
+    #expect(previous.configurationID != nil)
+    #expect(next.configurationID == previous.configurationID)
+    #expect(next.configuration != previous.configuration)
+    #expect(next.reloadSignals(from: previous) == [SIGUSR2])
+    let bytes = try JSONEncoder().encode(next)
+    var object = try #require(JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: bytes) as? [String: Any])
+    object.removeValue(forKey: "configurationID")
+    let legacy = try JSONDecoder().decode(
+      RuntimeSupervision.self, from: JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: object))
+    #expect(legacy.hasValidStructure)
+    #expect(legacy.reloadSignals(from: legacy) == [SIGUSR1])
+  }
+
   @Test func publicationDoesNotSelectActiveLinks() throws {
     let runtime = ProxyRuntimeFixture.makeTemporaryRuntime()
     defer { try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: runtime.directory) }
@@ -218,6 +258,7 @@ extension RuntimePublicationTests {
     let bytes = try Data(contentsOf: store.supervisionFileURL)
     for (key, value) in [
       ("version", 1 as Any), ("version", 99 as Any), ("configuration", "../outside.json" as Any),
+      ("configurationID", "invalid-identity" as Any),
     ] {
       var object = try #require(JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: bytes) as? [String: Any])
       object[key] = value
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Smoke/RuntimePublicationSmokeTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Smoke/RuntimePublicationSmokeTests.swift
index a0a5165f..8b7eba61 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Smoke/RuntimePublicationSmokeTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Smoke/RuntimePublicationSmokeTests.swift
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ final class RuntimePublicationSmokeTests: RealSslocalSmokeTests {
     stopWrapperAndAssertCleanExit(wrapper, description: "reload wrapper exits")
   }
 
-  func testLargeACLReuseAndSingleInstanceModeHandoff() throws {
+  func testLargeACLReuseAndModeReloadWithoutReplacingChild() throws {
     let echo = try LoopbackEchoServer()
     let proxy = try ConnectionCountingServer()
     let ports = try grabThreeListenPorts(excluding: [echo.port, proxy.port])
@@ -69,8 +69,13 @@ final class RuntimePublicationSmokeTests: RealSslocalSmokeTests {
       try store.write(direct)
       XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
       try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: direct)
-      XCTAssertNotEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, oldPID)
-      XCTAssertNotEqual(kill(oldPID, 0), 0, "旧子进程退出后新监听才就绪")
+      XCTAssertEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, oldPID)
+      // 回执不证明上游已应用 ACL；实际路由收敛后再验证两个入口。
+      XCTAssertTrue(
+        try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+          self.performSocksConnectReply(
+            socksPort: listen.socksPort, targetHost: "127.0.0.1", targetPort: echo.port) == 0
+        })
       let payload = Array("direct\n".utf8)
       XCTAssertEqual(
         try performDirectSocksEcho(
@@ -81,6 +86,14 @@ final class RuntimePublicationSmokeTests: RealSslocalSmokeTests {
       try store.write(source)
       XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
       try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: source)
+      XCTAssertEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, oldPID)
+      let before = proxy.connectionCount
+      XCTAssertTrue(
+        try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+          self.performHTTPConnect(
+            httpPort: listen.httpPort, targetHost: "127.0.0.1", targetPort: echo.port)
+          return proxy.connectionCount > before
+        })
       try assertPublicTargetsProxy(listen: listen, fakeSS: proxy)
       XCTAssertEqual(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL)?.acl, acl)
       XCTAssertEqual(
@@ -91,6 +104,113 @@ final class RuntimePublicationSmokeTests: RealSslocalSmokeTests {
     stopWrapperAndAssertCleanExit(wrapper, description: "mode wrapper exits")
   }
 
+  func testCombinedServerAndRuleReloadAndDefaultActionChangesKeepChild() throws {
+    let echo = try LoopbackEchoServer()
+    let firstExit = try ConnectionCountingServer()
+    let secondExit = try ConnectionCountingServer()
+    let ports = try grabThreeListenPorts(excluding: [echo.port, firstExit.port, secondExit.port])
+    let listen = ProxyListeningConfiguration(socksPort: ports[0], httpPort: ports[1])
+    func document(_ port: Int, _ acl: ProxyACLDocument) -> SslocalRuntimeDocument {
+      SslocalRuntimeDocument(
+        servers: [
+          .init(
+            id: "rules", server: "127.0.0.1", serverPort: port,
+            password: "smoke", method: "aes-256-gcm", plugin: nil, pluginOpts: nil)
+        ], listen: listen, acl: acl)
+    }
+    let source = document(
+      firstExit.port, ruleProbeACL(defaultAction: .directWhenUnmatched, rules: []))
+    let wrapper = try launchWrapper(source)
+    let store = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: contractURL)
+    try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: source)
+    let pid = try XCTUnwrap(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID)
+    let custom = document(
+      secondExit.port,
+      ruleProbeACL(
+        defaultAction: .directWhenUnmatched,
+        rules: [ProxyRule(action: .proxy, match: try RuleMatch(domainSuffix: "blocked.example"))]))
+    try store.write(custom)
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: custom)
+    XCTAssertTrue(
+      try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+        self.performHTTPConnect(
+          httpPort: listen.httpPort, targetHost: "blocked.example", targetPort: echo.port)
+        return secondExit.connectionCount > 0
+      })
+    XCTAssertEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, pid)
+    let removed = document(
+      secondExit.port, ruleProbeACL(defaultAction: .directWhenUnmatched, rules: []))
+    try store.write(removed)
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: removed)
+    XCTAssertTrue(
+      try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+        self.performSocksConnectReply(
+          socksPort: listen.socksPort, targetHost: "blocked.example", targetPort: echo.port) == 0
+      })
+    let payload = Array("reloaded rule\n".utf8)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      try performDirectHTTPEcho(
+        httpPort: listen.httpPort, targetHost: "blocked.example", targetPort: echo.port,
+        payload: payload), payload)
+    for (acl, proxiesDomain) in [
+      (ruleProbeACL(defaultAction: .proxyWhenUnmatched, rules: []), true),
+      (ProxyACLDocument.global(at: aclFileURL), false),
+    ] {
+      let next = document(secondExit.port, acl)
+      let before = secondExit.connectionCount
+      try store.write(next)
+      XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+      try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: next)
+      XCTAssertTrue(
+        try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+          if proxiesDomain {
+            self.performHTTPConnect(
+              httpPort: listen.httpPort, targetHost: "blocked.example", targetPort: echo.port)
+            return secondExit.connectionCount > before
+          }
+          return self.performSocksConnectReply(
+            socksPort: listen.socksPort, targetHost: "blocked.example", targetPort: echo.port) == 0
+        })
+      XCTAssertEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, pid)
+    }
+    stopWrapperAndAssertCleanExit(wrapper, description: "rule reload wrapper exits")
+  }
+
+  func testRejectedACLReloadKeepsPreviousRulesWithoutReplacingChild() throws {
+    let echo = try LoopbackEchoServer()
+    let ports = try grabThreeListenPorts(excluding: [echo.port])
+    let listen = ProxyListeningConfiguration(socksPort: ports[0], httpPort: ports[1])
+    let source = SslocalRuntimeDocument(
+      servers: [], listen: listen, acl: .direct(at: aclFileURL))
+    let wrapper = try launchWrapper(source)
+    let store = RuntimeFileStore(fileURL: contractURL)
+    try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: source)
+    let pid = try XCTUnwrap(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID)
+    let next = source.replacingACL(
+      ruleProbeACL(defaultAction: .proxyWhenUnmatched, rules: []))
+    try store.write(next)
+    let snapshot = try XCTUnwrap(RuntimePublication.load(at: store.supervisionFileURL))
+    let acl = try XCTUnwrap(snapshot.acl)
+    // 模拟发布后磁盘损坏；上游解析拒绝，Agent 回执无法识别这种内部失败。
+    try AtomicFileWriter.write(Data("[\n".utf8), to: workDir.appendingPathComponent(acl.file))
+    XCTAssertEqual(kill(wrapper.processIdentifier, SIGUSR1), 0)
+    XCTAssertTrue(
+      try waitForCondition(timeout: 8) {
+        let log = try String(contentsOf: self.workDir.appendingPathComponent("agent.log"))
+        return log.contains("ACL reload failed") && log.contains("keeping the previous rules")
+      })
+    try assertReceiptOwnsListeners(document: next)
+    XCTAssertEqual(store.readRuntimeReceipt()?.processID, pid)
+    XCTAssertNil(store.readFailure())
+    let payload = Array("previous rules\n".utf8)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      try performDirectSocksEcho(
+        socksPort: listen.socksPort, targetPort: echo.port, payload: payload), payload)
+    stopWrapperAndAssertCleanExit(wrapper, description: "rejected ACL wrapper exits")
+  }
+
   func testHealthyCrashReplaysCurrentDeploymentAndRecoveryFailureDoesNotLoop() throws {
     let ports = try grabThreeListenPorts(excluding: [])
     let document = SslocalRuntimeDocument(
diff --git a/docs/adr/0010-global-mode-with-acl.md b/docs/adr/0010-global-mode-with-acl.md
index 3d8d8c15..3ed77117 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0010-global-mode-with-acl.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0010-global-mode-with-acl.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 **Status**: accepted; system-proxy rollback clause superseded by ADR-0019. Runtime and mode rollback remain.
 
+**ACL reload superseded (2026-10-20)**: [ADR-0048](0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md) replaces restart-on-ACL-change with `SIGUSR2` reload. Listener and authentication changes still require restart.
+
 ## Context
 
 Global mode previously projected only the system SOCKS endpoint and relied on sslocal's default proxy-everything behaviour. That left local-network targets without a product-owned direct guarantee: LAN-sharing clients, IPv6 destinations whose system-proxy exceptions macOS does not reliably honour, and any request that reaches the SOCKS/HTTP inbounds still needed a defined routing policy. The ACL work (spec #59) requires global mode to mean "public targets default through Shadowsocks, local targets stay direct", using only the fixed local safety rules.
diff --git a/docs/adr/0011-per-variant-acl-files-stable-link.md b/docs/adr/0011-per-variant-acl-files-stable-link.md
index 4e7fcaca..e7f17ff0 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0011-per-variant-acl-files-stable-link.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0011-per-variant-acl-files-stable-link.md
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 
 **Supersedes in part**: ADR-0009 and ADR-0010's "ACL path, content, digest, and summary are runtime identity" — content is no longer carried in the contract, and the ACL path is a stable link that does not change across mode switches. The restart-on-change rule itself stands.
 
+**ACL reload superseded (2026-10-20)**: [ADR-0048](0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md) replaces restart-on-ACL-change with `SIGUSR2` reload. Listener and authentication changes still require restart.
+
 ## Context
 
 sslocal's routing policy is one of four ACL shapes — `direct`, `global`, `rule-proxy-default`, `rule-direct-default` — but all four were written into a single `sslocal-active.acl`, overwritten on every proxy mode switch and on every deploy even when the ACL body had not changed. The contract JSON also embedded the full ACL body (`x_shadowsocksx_ng_acl.content`), so a rule-mode switch paid roughly the same large write twice. Upstream sslocal is gaining signal-triggered ACL reload; mode switches should be cheap now and restart-free later.
diff --git a/docs/adr/0038-separate-agent-supervision-and-sslocal-input.md b/docs/adr/0038-separate-agent-supervision-and-sslocal-input.md
index 56541977..7783739b 100644
--- a/docs/adr/0038-separate-agent-supervision-and-sslocal-input.md
+++ b/docs/adr/0038-separate-agent-supervision-and-sslocal-input.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 **Status**：accepted（2026-10-19）。已实施；验证结果见对应实现提交。
 
-后续修订：GUI 与上游配置的单向输出及私有意图比较见 [ADR-0043](0043-one-way-sslocal-configuration-output.md)。
+后续修订：GUI 与上游配置的单向输出及私有意图比较见 [ADR-0043](0043-one-way-sslocal-configuration-output.md)。ACL 变化改用信号热重载见 [ADR-0048](0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md)，取代下文 ACL 变化必须重启的规定。
 
 ## 职责
 
diff --git a/docs/adr/0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md b/docs/adr/0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..401216f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/adr/0048-reload-sslocal-acl-by-signal.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# 通过信号热重载 sslocal ACL
+
+**状态**：已接受并实施（2026-10-20）。
+
+使用已固定的 sslocal fork v1.26.0 的 `SIGUSR2` 能力，让规则修改、规则默认动作变化，以及规则／全局／直连模式切换产生的 ACL 更新在原子切换稳定 ACL 链接后热重载，减少子进程重启造成的中断。GUI 继续向 Agent 发送 `SIGUSR1` 通知新部署，Agent 根据变化向 sslocal 发送相应信号。监听、IPv6 监听设置或认证变化仍按原协议停止旧子进程、确认退出后重新启动。
+
+监管资料通过随机 `configurationID` 表示 sslocal 配置字节的身份，GUI 在旧配置字节及其私有完整性摘要均与本次输出一致时复用该身份。Agent 只比较身份，配置变化时发送 `SIGUSR1`，ACL 变化时发送 `SIGUSR2`；仅切换代理模式或更新 ACL 不重载服务器配置。身份不包含服务器或凭据摘要，Agent 仍不读取秘密配置。第 2 版监管资料允许缺失此字段，遇到旧资料时保守发送 `SIGUSR1`。服务器与 ACL 同时变化时分别发送 `SIGUSR1` 和 `SIGUSR2`，接受两者先后生效的短暂窗口，不为组合变化单独重启，也不承诺原子应用。上游 `SIGUSR1` 仅刷新服务器，不能代替 ACL 重载。
+
+Agent 对已经健康、无需重启的同一子进程沿用已建立的监听事实，不在热重载前后重复连接端口，也不因信号重载将其降为未就绪。首次启动或重启仍验证新子进程的监听归属。启动监听尚未就绪时合并保留待发信号，监听就绪后发送，防止后续仅服务器更新覆盖之前待发的 ACL 更新。正式 Agent 部署在所有代理模式下始终生成 ACL，不为模型允许的 ACL 空值增加产品转换场景。
+
+GUI 以仅保存在内存中的非 ACL 意图摘要识别纯 ACL 更新；前提是已处于健康运行态、Agent 已注册、wrapper 与当前回执对应的子进程仍存活。更新期间保持运行状态，不呈现“正在启动代理”，等待当前部署回执但不重复探测未变监听。回执对应子进程 PID 变化时恢复启动状态与完整端口检查；缺少回执、持久失败或进程消失仍报告失败。后台健康轮询避开正在执行的热重载，周期性健康检查在更新完成后继续运行。
+
+沿用现有回执的证据范围：它只记录 Agent 操作及监听证据，不代表 sslocal 已确认应用新规则。上游在 ACL 读取或解析失败时保留旧规则并记录日志；信号发送成功不能排除这种情况。本次接受此限制，不增加上游应用确认协议或根据日志推断部署成功。链接切换、信号投递或监听检查等可检测的失败继续遵循 ADR-0037，停止服务、暂停系统代理并保留最新意图，不自动恢复旧部署。
+
+本决定部分替代 ADR-0010、ADR-0011、ADR-0038 中 ACL 变化要求重启的规定；稳定链接的 Agent 独占切换、不可变文件、代次与锁、子进程引用的保守保留及失败屏障继续适用。当前实现仍以代码为准。
+
+上游依据：[信号处理](https://github.com/qiuyuzhou/shadowsocks-rust/blob/v1.26.0/src/service/local.rs#L1078-L1165)、[ACL 重新加载及原子替换](https://github.com/qiuyuzhou/shadowsocks-rust/blob/v1.26.0/crates/shadowsocks-service/src/acl/mod.rs#L687-L738)。
+
+验证通过：1150 项 hostless 测试、19 项真实进程 smoke、Lint 与 Debug 构建。定向覆盖模式切换保持运行状态且不重复探测端口、回执缺失与子进程替换、连续模式切换、配置身份复用与旧监管资料保守重载、Agent 热重载前后实际 TCP 连接计数不增加、启动期间待发信号合并、组合服务器与 ACL 更新、规则增删与默认动作变化、模式切换时子进程 PID 保持不变且实际路由变化，以及上游 ACL 解析失败保留旧规则的回执边界。未执行原生界面与真实系统代理验收。