diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/MainApp.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/MainApp.swift
index 7e1cbe16..4fc20fc9 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/MainApp.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/MainApp.swift
@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@ struct ShadowsocksXNG2App: App {
       },
       activator: controller)
     _catalogWorkflow = StateObject(wrappedValue: catalogWorkflow)
-    // 设置工作流 module（Candidate 02）：设置窗口的唯一 seam，组合根接线一次。
-    _settingsWorkflow = StateObject(wrappedValue: SettingsWorkflow(controller: controller))
+    // 设置工作流 module（Candidate 02）：设置窗口的唯一 seam，组合根接线一次；
+    // 写入侧经窄缝 SettingsCommitting（issue #44），运行时控制器薄扩展即生产实现。
+    _settingsWorkflow = StateObject(wrappedValue: SettingsWorkflow(committing: controller))
     // 诊断工作流 module（issue #43）：诊断区唯一 seam，组合根接线一次；共享
     // 实例供诊断侧栏与详情共同使用。
     _diagnosticsWorkflow = StateObject(
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsView.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsView.swift
index 5e667030..6c3975ec 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsView.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsView.swift
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 import SwiftUI
 
-/// Native macOS settings for issue #33. Pure presentation over the settings
-/// workflow module: field bindings edit the module's draft, actions go through
-/// typed commands, and the login-item toggle binds its own independent
-/// controller. Domain decisions (validation, occupancy, save gating, the
-/// PAC-invalidation notice, reset) live behind the module's seam.
+/// Native macOS settings for issue #33, bound to the settings workflow seam
+/// (issue #44): field bindings edit the flat UI-shaped draft, issues render
+/// beside their fields from the seam's field-scoped projection, port rows read
+/// typed field state, and every discrete action is a named typed command.
+/// Whether a confirmation is required and its summary come from the seam's
+/// unified fact; this view only owns alert presentation. The login-item toggle
+/// binds its own independent controller (separate preference domain).
 struct SettingsView: View {
   @ObservedObject var workflow: SettingsWorkflow
   @ObservedObject var loginController: LaunchAtLoginController
 
-  @State private var showResetConfirmation = false
-
   var body: some View {
     Form {
       generalSection
@@ -22,25 +22,17 @@ struct SettingsView: View {
     .onAppear {
       workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
     }
-    .alert("PAC 地址将失效", isPresented: pacNoticeBinding) {
-      Button("继续保存") {
-        workflow.confirmPACNotice()
-      }
-      Button("取消", role: .cancel) {
-        workflow.cancelPACNotice()
-      }
-    } message: {
-      Text(workflow.pendingPACNotice ?? "")
-    }
     .alert(
-      "重置所有偏好？", isPresented: $showResetConfirmation
-    ) {
-      Button("重置", role: .destructive) {
-        workflow.reset()
-      }
-      Button("取消", role: .cancel) {}
-    } message: {
-      Text("端口、监听范围和 PAC 设置都会恢复为出厂值。")
+      workflow.pendingConfirmation.map { confirmationPresentation(for: $0).title } ?? "",
+      isPresented: confirmationBinding,
+      presenting: workflow.pendingConfirmation
+    ) { confirmation in
+      let presentation = confirmationPresentation(for: confirmation)
+      Button(
+        presentation.confirmTitle, role: presentation.confirmRole, action: presentation.confirm)
+      Button("取消", role: .cancel, action: presentation.cancel)
+    } message: { confirmation in
+      Text(confirmation.summary)
     }
   }
 
@@ -62,23 +54,30 @@ struct SettingsView: View {
           .foregroundStyle(.red)
       }
 
-      Toggle("启用 UDP 中继", isOn: $workflow.draft.listen.udpRelayEnabled)
+      Toggle("启用 UDP 中继", isOn: $workflow.draft.udpRelayEnabled)
       Stepper(value: $workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds, in: 1...86_400) {
         Text("超时：" + String(workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds) + " 秒")
       }
+      fieldIssues(.timeoutSeconds)
       Toggle("详细日志（verbose）", isOn: $workflow.draft.verboseLogging)
     }
   }
 
   private var advancedSection: some View {
     Section("高级") {
-      Picker("监听范围", selection: scopeBinding) {
+      Picker("监听范围", selection: $workflow.draft.isHostScope) {
         Text("仅本机（127.0.0.1）").tag(false)
         Text("局域网（主机地址）").tag(true)
       }
 
-      if case .host(let address) = workflow.draft.listen.scope {
-        TextField("对外公布的 IPv4 地址", text: hostAddressBinding)
+      if workflow.draft.isHostScope {
+        TextField("对外公布的 IPv4 地址", text: $workflow.draft.advertisedAddress)
+        fieldIssues(.advertisedAddress)
+        if workflow.draft.advertisedAddress.isEmpty {
+          Text("请输入本机可路由的局域网 IPv4 地址。")
+            .font(.caption)
+            .foregroundStyle(.red)
+        }
         Label(
           "局域网模式会把无鉴权的代理端口开放给局域网；请确认防火墙允许所需程序，并只在可信网络使用。",
           systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle"
@@ -90,22 +89,19 @@ struct SettingsView: View {
         )
         .font(.caption)
         .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-        if address.isEmpty {
-          Text("请输入本机可路由的局域网 IPv4 地址。")
-            .font(.caption)
-            .foregroundStyle(.red)
-        }
       }
 
-      portRow(.socks, value: $workflow.draft.listen.socksPort)
-      Toggle("启用 HTTP 代理", isOn: $workflow.draft.listen.httpProxyEnabled)
-      portRow(.http, value: $workflow.draft.listen.httpPort)
-        .disabled(!workflow.draft.listen.httpProxyEnabled)
-      portRow(.pac, value: $workflow.draft.listen.pacPort)
+      portRow(.socks)
+      Toggle("启用 HTTP 代理", isOn: $workflow.draft.httpProxyEnabled)
+      portRow(.http)
+        .disabled(!workflow.draft.httpProxyEnabled)
+      portRow(.pac)
 
       TextField("绕过列表（逗号或空格分隔）", text: $workflow.draft.proxyExceptions)
       TextField("外部 PAC URL（可选）", text: $workflow.draft.externalPACURL)
+      fieldIssues(.externalPACURL)
       TextField("GFW List URL", text: $workflow.draft.gfwListURL)
+      fieldIssues(.gfwListURL)
       Text("外部内容只保存 URL；本设置页不负责远程内容校验或自动更新。")
         .font(.caption)
         .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
@@ -125,113 +121,102 @@ struct SettingsView: View {
 
   private var actionSection: some View {
     Section {
-      if let errorMessage = workflow.errorMessage {
-        Text(errorMessage)
+      if let failure = workflow.lastFailureMessage {
+        Text(failure)
           .foregroundStyle(.red)
       }
-      if !workflow.validationErrors.isEmpty {
-        Text(
-          workflow.validationErrors.map(\.presentedReason).joined(separator: "\n")
-        )
-        .font(.caption)
-        .foregroundStyle(.red)
-      }
-      if workflow.hasOccupiedPort {
+      if workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy {
         Text("检测到端口已被占用；请先使用对应的“建议空闲端口”，再保存设置。")
           .font(.caption)
           .foregroundStyle(.orange)
       }
+      if workflow.isDirty {
+        Text("存在未保存的修改。")
+          .font(.caption)
+          .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+      }
 
       HStack {
         Spacer()
         Button("重置偏好") {
-          showResetConfirmation = true
+          workflow.reset()
         }
-        Button(workflow.isSaving ? "保存中…" : "保存") {
+        .disabled(workflow.isCommitting)
+        Button(workflow.isCommitting ? "保存中…" : "保存") {
           workflow.save()
         }
         .keyboardShortcut(.defaultAction)
-        .disabled(workflow.isSaving || !workflow.canSave)
+        .disabled(!workflow.canSave)
       }
     }
   }
-
-  private var pacNoticeBinding: Binding<Bool> {
-    Binding(
-      get: { workflow.pendingPACNotice != nil },
-      set: { presented in
-        if !presented, workflow.pendingPACNotice != nil {
-          workflow.cancelPACNotice()
-        }
-      })
-  }
 }
 
 extension SettingsView {
-  private func portRow(_ endpoint: ProxyEndpointKind, value: Binding<Int>) -> some View {
-    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
+  private func portRow(_ id: SettingsPortID) -> some View {
+    let state = workflow.portFieldState(for: id)
+    return VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
       HStack {
-        Text(endpoint.displayName + " 端口")
+        Text(title(for: id) + " 端口")
         Spacer()
         TextField(
-          endpoint.displayName + " 端口",
-          value: value,
+          title(for: id) + " 端口",
+          value: portBinding(for: id),
           format: .number
         )
         .frame(width: 90)
         .multilineTextAlignment(.trailing)
         .labelsHidden()
       }
-      if let occupancy = workflow.occupancy[endpoint] {
-        Text(occupancyText(occupancy, endpoint: endpoint))
+      ForEach(state.issues, id: \.self) { issue in
+        Text(issue)
+          .font(.caption)
+          .foregroundStyle(.red)
+      }
+      if let occupancy = state.occupancy {
+        Text(occupancyText(occupancy, state: state))
           .font(.caption)
           .foregroundStyle(occupancyColor(occupancy))
       }
-      if case .occupied = workflow.occupancy[endpoint], !workflow.isCurrentRuntimePort(endpoint) {
+      if state.canSuggestFreePort {
         Button("建议空闲端口") {
-          workflow.suggestPort(for: endpoint)
+          workflow.suggestFreePort(for: id)
         }
         .font(.caption)
       }
     }
   }
 
-  private var scopeBinding: Binding<Bool> {
+  private func portBinding(for id: SettingsPortID) -> Binding<Int> {
     Binding(
-      get: {
-        if case .host = workflow.draft.listen.scope { return true }
-        return false
-      },
-      set: { isHost in
-        guard isHost else {
-          workflow.draft.listen.scope = .loopback
-          return
-        }
-        let address: String
-        if case .host(let current) = workflow.draft.listen.scope {
-          address = current
-        } else {
-          address = ""
-        }
-        workflow.draft.listen.scope = .host(advertisedAddress: address)
-      })
+      get: { workflow.draft.portValue(for: id) },
+      set: { workflow.draft.setPortValue($0, for: id) })
   }
 
-  private var hostAddressBinding: Binding<String> {
-    Binding(
-      get: {
-        if case .host(let address) = workflow.draft.listen.scope { return address }
-        return ""
-      },
-      set: { workflow.draft.listen.scope = .host(advertisedAddress: $0) })
+  private func fieldIssues(_ field: SettingsFieldID) -> some View {
+    ForEach(workflow.issues(for: field), id: \.self) { issue in
+      Text(issue)
+        .font(.caption)
+        .foregroundStyle(.red)
+    }
   }
 
-  private func occupancyText(_ occupancy: PortOccupancy, endpoint: ProxyEndpointKind) -> String {
+  private func title(for id: SettingsPortID) -> String {
+    switch id {
+    case .socks: "SOCKS5"
+    case .http: "HTTP"
+    case .pac: "PAC"
+    }
+  }
+
+  private func occupancyText(
+    _ occupancy: SettingsPortOccupancy, state: SettingsPortFieldState
+  ) -> String {
     switch occupancy {
     case .free:
       return "当前端口可用"
     case .occupied(let occupier):
-      if workflow.isCurrentRuntimePort(endpoint) {
+      if state.isRuntimePortException {
         return "当前代理正在使用此端口，保存其他设置不会触发冲突"
       }
       return "当前端口已占用" + (occupier.map { "（" + $0 + "）" } ?? "")
@@ -240,11 +225,52 @@ extension SettingsView {
     }
   }
 
-  private func occupancyColor(_ occupancy: PortOccupancy) -> Color {
+  private func occupancyColor(_ occupancy: SettingsPortOccupancy) -> Color {
     switch occupancy {
     case .free: .secondary
     case .occupied: .orange
     case .unknown: .secondary
     }
   }
+
+  // MARK: - 确认 alert 呈现（视图只持有呈现状态，事实来自 seam）
+
+  private struct ConfirmationPresentation {
+    let title: String
+    let confirmTitle: String
+    let confirmRole: ButtonRole?
+    let confirm: () -> Void
+    let cancel: () -> Void
+  }
+
+  private func confirmationPresentation(
+    for confirmation: SettingsConfirmation
+  ) -> ConfirmationPresentation {
+    switch confirmation {
+    case .pacInvalidation:
+      ConfirmationPresentation(
+        title: "PAC 地址将失效",
+        confirmTitle: "继续保存",
+        confirmRole: nil,
+        confirm: { workflow.confirmPACNotice() },
+        cancel: { workflow.cancelPACNotice() })
+    case .resetPreferences:
+      ConfirmationPresentation(
+        title: "重置所有偏好？",
+        confirmTitle: "重置",
+        confirmRole: .destructive,
+        confirm: { workflow.confirmReset() },
+        cancel: { workflow.cancelReset() })
+    }
+  }
+
+  private var confirmationBinding: Binding<Bool> {
+    Binding(
+      get: { workflow.pendingConfirmation != nil },
+      set: { presented in
+        if !presented, let confirmation = workflow.pendingConfirmation {
+          confirmationPresentation(for: confirmation).cancel()
+        }
+      })
+  }
 }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsDraftAdapter.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsDraftAdapter.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6231939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsDraftAdapter.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import Foundation
+
+/// 写入侧窄 seam（issue #44）：设置工作流只依赖已提交快照、代理是否在跑与
+/// 两个提交入口。生产实现是 `ProxyRuntimeController` 的薄扩展；测试注入
+/// fake。Domain 快照类型只出现在本缝与 `SettingsDraftAdapter`。读取侧是
+/// 运行时控制器的主 actor 状态，本缝随之主 actor 绑定。
+@MainActor
+protocol SettingsCommitting: AnyObject {
+  var committedSettings: ProxySettings { get }
+  var isProxyRunning: Bool { get }
+  func updateSettings(_ proposed: ProxySettings) async throws
+  func resetPreferences() async throws
+}
+
+extension ProxyRuntimeController: SettingsCommitting {
+  var committedSettings: ProxySettings { settings }
+  var isProxyRunning: Bool { state.isOn }
+}
+
+/// 平坦草稿与 Domain 快照的单一 adapter（story 45）：字段清单变化只改此处。
+/// 校验错误到字段问题、UI 端口标识到端点类型的映射同属字段清单，一并收在
+/// 本文件；Domain 快照类型不出现在 UI-facing interface。
+enum SettingsDraftAdapter {
+  /// 已提交快照 → 平坦草稿。主机地址态的公布地址只在局域网模式有意义，
+  /// 仅本机模式回到空文本。
+  static func draft(from settings: ProxySettings) -> SettingsDraft {
+    let isHostScope: Bool
+    let advertisedAddress: String
+    switch settings.listen.scope {
+    case .loopback:
+      isHostScope = false
+      advertisedAddress = ""
+    case .host(let address):
+      isHostScope = true
+      advertisedAddress = address
+    }
+    return SettingsDraft(
+      isHostScope: isHostScope,
+      advertisedAddress: advertisedAddress,
+      socksPort: settings.listen.socksPort,
+      httpProxyEnabled: settings.listen.httpProxyEnabled,
+      httpPort: settings.listen.httpPort,
+      pacPort: settings.listen.pacPort,
+      udpRelayEnabled: settings.listen.udpRelayEnabled,
+      timeoutSeconds: settings.timeoutSeconds,
+      verboseLogging: settings.verboseLogging,
+      proxyExceptions: settings.proxyExceptions,
+      externalPACURL: settings.externalPACURL,
+      gfwListURL: settings.gfwListURL,
+      pacUserRules: settings.pacUserRules)
+  }
+
+  /// 平坦草稿 → Domain 快照。持久化的当前模式不在草稿中，从 `base` 保留。
+  static func settings(
+    from draft: SettingsDraft, preservingModeOf base: ProxySettings
+  ) -> ProxySettings {
+    var listen = SslocalListenSettings()
+    listen.scope =
+      draft.isHostScope ? .host(advertisedAddress: draft.advertisedAddress) : .loopback
+    listen.socksPort = draft.socksPort
+    listen.httpProxyEnabled = draft.httpProxyEnabled
+    listen.httpPort = draft.httpPort
+    listen.pacPort = draft.pacPort
+    listen.udpRelayEnabled = draft.udpRelayEnabled
+    return ProxySettings(
+      listen: listen,
+      timeoutSeconds: draft.timeoutSeconds,
+      verboseLogging: draft.verboseLogging,
+      proxyExceptions: draft.proxyExceptions,
+      externalPACURL: draft.externalPACURL,
+      gfwListURL: draft.gfwListURL,
+      pacUserRules: draft.pacUserRules,
+      preferredMode: base.preferredMode)
+  }
+
+  /// UI 形状端口标识 → 端点类型（module 内部复用 Domain 端口语义）。
+  static func endpoint(for id: SettingsPortID) -> ProxyEndpointKind {
+    switch id {
+    case .socks: .socks
+    case .http: .http
+    case .pac: .pac
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Domain 点名校验错误 → 按字段归位的问题；点名文案沿用既有错误属性。
+  /// 端口互异涉及两个端点，两侧端口各归位一条，用户只改有错的那个输入。
+  static func fieldIssues(from errors: [ProxySettingsValidationError]) -> [SettingsFieldIssue] {
+    errors.flatMap { error -> [SettingsFieldIssue] in
+      switch error {
+      case .portOutOfRange(let endpoint, _):
+        return [.port(portID(for: endpoint), message: error.presentedReason)]
+      case .duplicatePort(let endpoint, let otherEndpoint, _):
+        let message = error.presentedReason
+        return [
+          .port(portID(for: endpoint), message: message),
+          .port(portID(for: otherEndpoint), message: message),
+        ]
+      case .invalidTimeout:
+        return [.timeoutSeconds(message: error.presentedReason)]
+      case .invalidHostAddress:
+        return [.advertisedAddress(message: error.presentedReason)]
+      case .invalidExternalPACURL:
+        return [.externalPACURL(message: error.presentedReason)]
+      case .invalidGFWListURL:
+        return [.gfwListURL(message: error.presentedReason)]
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static func portID(for endpoint: ProxyEndpointKind) -> SettingsPortID {
+    switch endpoint {
+    case .socks: .socks
+    case .http: .http
+    case .pac: .pac
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+extension SettingsPortOccupancy {
+  /// 探测层判定 → UI 形状事实。
+  init(_ occupancy: PortOccupancy) {
+    switch occupancy {
+    case .free:
+      self = .free
+    case .occupied(let occupier):
+      self = .occupied(occupier: occupier)
+    case .unknown(let detail):
+      self = .unknown(detail: detail)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflow.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflow.swift
index 26764fde..e2d14749 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflow.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflow.swift
@@ -1,89 +1,193 @@
 import Foundation
 
-/// 设置工作流 module（Candidate 02）：设置窗口的唯一 UI-facing seam。持有编辑
-/// 草稿并隐藏端口占用探测的异步编排、保存门禁、「当前运行端口」例外、PAC 失效
-/// 确认与重置事务；提交一律经 `ProxyRuntimeController.updateSettings` /
-/// `resetPreferences`，与其他用户动作走相同的校验与重展开路径。登录启动项是
-/// 独立偏好域，视图直连其控制器，不经本模块。确认 alert 的呈现等窗口状态由
-/// UI 持有；本类不生成用户可见文案，文案来自 Domain 错误的 presentedReason。
+/// 设置工作流 module（issue #44）：设置窗口的唯一 UI-facing seam。以平坦的
+/// UI 形状草稿为编辑态唯一 source of truth，向 UI 只提供字段归位的校验问题、
+/// 端口 field state、保存门禁/脏态/提交中/失败文案投影、统一确认事实与具名
+/// typed command。视图不再拆装 Domain 枚举、翻译占用事实、推导门禁或自备
+/// 确认文案；alert、sheet 与窗口状态仍由 UI 持有。登录启动项是独立偏好域，
+/// 不经本 module。
 ///
 /// 内部沿用既有深 module：`ProxySettings` 的点名校验、`ProxyPortSemantics` 的
 /// 端口互异/建议算法、`PortChangeNotice` 的 PAC 失效判定与 `PortOccupancyProbing`
 /// 探测缝（编辑期尽力而为的即时提示，激活成败仍以 runtime 健康门禁为准）。
+/// 写入侧只依赖窄 seam `SettingsCommitting`。module 不依赖 SwiftUI。
 @MainActor
 final class SettingsWorkflow: ObservableObject {
-  /// 编辑中的设置快照：视图经 binding 逐字段编辑；监听设置变化时自动重探占用。
-  @Published var draft: ProxySettings {
+  /// 编辑中的 UI 形状草稿：视图按字段绑定；监听设置变化时自动重探占用。
+  @Published var draft: SettingsDraft {
     didSet {
-      if oldValue.listen != draft.listen {
+      if listenFingerprint(of: draft) != listenFingerprint(of: oldValue) {
         refreshOccupancy()
       }
     }
   }
-  /// 各端点的尽力而为占用判定（非权威，只影响编辑期提示与保存门禁）。
-  @Published private(set) var occupancy: [ProxyEndpointKind: PortOccupancy] = [:]
-  @Published private(set) var isSaving = false
+  /// 各端口的尽力而为占用判定（非权威，只影响编辑期提示与保存门禁）。
+  @Published private var occupancyByPort: [SettingsPortID: SettingsPortOccupancy] = [:]
+  /// 提交/重置进行中（按钮进入进行中状态且不可重复触发）。
+  @Published private(set) var isCommitting = false
   /// 最近一次提交/重置失败的点名原因（nil = 无）。
-  @Published private(set) var errorMessage: String?
-  /// 等待用户确认的 PAC 失效提示；确认后才提交草稿。
-  @Published private(set) var pendingPACNotice: String?
+  @Published private(set) var lastFailureMessage: String?
+  /// 等待用户裁定的确认事实（PAC 失效、重置偏好）；视图只持有 alert 呈现状态。
+  @Published private(set) var pendingConfirmation: SettingsConfirmation?
 
-  private let controller: ProxyRuntimeController
+  private let committing: SettingsCommitting
   private let occupancyProbe: PortOccupancyProbing
   /// 占用探测代际：草稿快速连续变化时只有最新一轮结果生效。
   private var occupancyGeneration = 0
 
+  /// 触发占用重探的监听字段指纹（范围、公布地址、端口与 HTTP/UDP 开关）。
+  private struct ListenFingerprint: Equatable {
+    let isHostScope: Bool
+    let advertisedAddress: String
+    let socksPort: Int
+    let httpProxyEnabled: Bool
+    let httpPort: Int
+    let pacPort: Int
+    let udpRelayEnabled: Bool
+
+    init(_ draft: SettingsDraft) {
+      isHostScope = draft.isHostScope
+      advertisedAddress = draft.advertisedAddress
+      socksPort = draft.socksPort
+      httpProxyEnabled = draft.httpProxyEnabled
+      httpPort = draft.httpPort
+      pacPort = draft.pacPort
+      udpRelayEnabled = draft.udpRelayEnabled
+    }
+  }
+
   init(
-    controller: ProxyRuntimeController,
+    committing: SettingsCommitting,
     occupancyProbe: PortOccupancyProbing = SystemPortOccupancyProbe()
   ) {
-    self.controller = controller
+    self.committing = committing
     self.occupancyProbe = occupancyProbe
-    draft = controller.settings
+    draft = SettingsDraftAdapter.draft(from: committing.committedSettings)
+    refreshOccupancy()
   }
 
-  /// 草稿的点名校验错误（Domain 派生，随 draft 变化）。
-  var validationErrors: [ProxySettingsValidationError] {
-    draft.validationErrors
+  // MARK: - 字段归位的校验问题
+
+  /// 草稿点名校验问题（随 draft 变化；点名文案来自既有 Domain 错误）。
+  var fieldIssues: [SettingsFieldIssue] {
+    SettingsDraftAdapter.fieldIssues(from: makeSettings(from: draft).validationErrors)
   }
 
-  /// 保存门禁：无校验错误，且没有（当前运行端口之外的）占用。
-  var canSave: Bool {
-    validationErrors.isEmpty && !hasOccupiedPort
+  /// 按字段归位的问题点名文案。
+  func issues(for field: SettingsFieldID) -> [String] {
+    fieldIssues.filter { $0.field == field }.map(\.message)
   }
 
-  /// 是否存在阻塞保存的端口占用（事实查询，呈现由视图决定）。
-  var hasOccupiedPort: Bool {
-    occupancy.contains { endpoint, occupancy in
-      guard endpoint != .http || draft.listen.httpProxyEnabled else { return false }
-      guard !isCurrentRuntimePort(endpoint) else { return false }
-      if case .occupied = occupancy { return true }
+  // MARK: - 端口 field state
+
+  /// 端口行按统一端口标识取 field state。
+  func portFieldState(for id: SettingsPortID) -> SettingsPortFieldState {
+    let exception = isRuntimePortException(id)
+    let occupancy = occupancyByPort[id]
+    let canSuggest: Bool
+    switch occupancy {
+    case .occupied:
+      canSuggest = !exception
+    case .free, .unknown, nil:
+      canSuggest = false
+    }
+    return SettingsPortFieldState(
+      id: id,
+      draftValue: draft.portValue(for: id),
+      occupancy: occupancy,
+      issues: issues(for: .port(id)),
+      isRuntimePortException: exception,
+      canSuggestFreePort: canSuggest)
+  }
+
+  /// 是否存在阻塞保存的端口占用（事实查询，呈现由视图决定）。HTTP 入站关闭
+  /// 时 HTTP 端点不参与门禁。
+  var hasBlockingPortOccupancy: Bool {
+    SettingsPortID.allCases.contains { id in
+      guard id != .http || draft.httpProxyEnabled else { return false }
+      guard !isRuntimePortException(id) else { return false }
+      if case .occupied = occupancyByPort[id] { return true }
       return false
     }
   }
 
-  /// 端口是否正是当前运行中的代理在监听的端口（保存其他设置不会触发冲突）。
-  func isCurrentRuntimePort(_ endpoint: ProxyEndpointKind) -> Bool {
-    guard controller.state.isOn else { return false }
-    let committed = controller.settings.listen
-    guard committed.configuredPort(for: endpoint) == draft.listen.configuredPort(for: endpoint)
-    else { return false }
-    return endpoint != .http || committed.httpProxyEnabled
+  // MARK: - 操作区只读投影
+
+  /// 保存门禁：校验问题清零、无阻塞性占用、且不在提交中。
+  var canSave: Bool {
+    fieldIssues.isEmpty && !hasBlockingPortOccupancy && !isCommitting
   }
 
-  /// 放弃未保存的修改回到已提交快照（设置窗口重新出现时调用）。
-  func reloadFromCommitted() {
-    let committed = controller.settings
-    let listenUnchanged = draft.listen == committed.listen
-    draft = committed
-    if listenUnchanged {
-      refreshOccupancy()
+  /// 脏态：草稿若提交会不会改变已提交快照（草稿经唯一 adapter 归一后比较，
+  /// 隐藏字段里的残留文本不误报未保存修改）。
+  var isDirty: Bool {
+    makeSettings(from: draft) != committing.committedSettings
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 具名 typed command
+
+  /// 保存：门禁通过后，若 PAC 端口将变化则挂起失效确认，否则提交。
+  func save() {
+    guard canSave else { return }
+    let proposed = makeSettings(from: draft)
+    if let notice = PortChangeNotice.pacInvalidation(
+      from: committing.committedSettings.listen, to: proposed.listen)
+    {
+      pendingConfirmation = .pacInvalidation(summary: notice)
+      return
+    }
+    commit(proposed)
+  }
+
+  /// 用户裁定继续保存（确认 PAC 失效提示）后提交。
+  func confirmPACNotice() {
+    guard case .pacInvalidation = pendingConfirmation else { return }
+    pendingConfirmation = nil
+    guard canSave else { return }
+    commit(makeSettings(from: draft))
+  }
+
+  /// 取消挂起的 PAC 失效提示：草稿保留且不提交。
+  func cancelPACNotice() {
+    guard case .pacInvalidation = pendingConfirmation else { return }
+    pendingConfirmation = nil
+  }
+
+  /// 重置偏好：seam 裁定恒需确认，挂起重置确认事实（摘要范围与重置事务
+  /// 一致）。登录启动项与快捷键意图是独立偏好域，不在此事务内。
+  func reset() {
+    guard !isCommitting else { return }
+    pendingConfirmation = .resetPreferences(summary: Self.resetSummary)
+  }
+
+  /// 用户裁定重置后走重置提交入口：恢复出厂值并停止运行中的代理。
+  func confirmReset() {
+    guard case .resetPreferences = pendingConfirmation else { return }
+    pendingConfirmation = nil
+    guard !isCommitting else { return }
+    isCommitting = true
+    lastFailureMessage = nil
+    Task { @MainActor in
+      do {
+        try await committing.resetPreferences()
+        adoptCommittedSettings()
+      } catch {
+        lastFailureMessage = Self.presentedReason(for: error)
+      }
+      isCommitting = false
     }
   }
 
-  /// 为端点建议一个空闲端口：只把候选写进草稿，绝不替用户保存。
-  func suggestPort(for endpoint: ProxyEndpointKind) {
-    let listen = draft.listen
+  /// 取消重置：不发生任何提交。
+  func cancelReset() {
+    guard case .resetPreferences = pendingConfirmation else { return }
+    pendingConfirmation = nil
+  }
+
+  /// 为端口建议一个空闲端口：只把候选写进草稿对应字段，绝不替用户保存。
+  func suggestFreePort(for id: SettingsPortID) {
+    let listen = makeSettings(from: draft).listen
+    let endpoint = SettingsDraftAdapter.endpoint(for: id)
     let probe = occupancyProbe
     Task { @MainActor in
       let candidate = await Task.detached(priority: .utility) {
@@ -95,77 +199,65 @@ final class SettingsWorkflow: ObservableObject {
         }
       }.value
       guard let candidate else { return }
-      var next = draft.listen
-      switch endpoint {
-      case .socks: next.socksPort = candidate
-      case .http: next.httpPort = candidate
-      case .pac: next.pacPort = candidate
-      }
-      draft.listen = next
+      draft.setPortValue(candidate, for: id)
     }
   }
 
-  /// 保存：门禁通过后，若 PAC 端口将变化则挂起等待用户确认失效提示，否则提交。
-  func save() {
-    guard canSave else { return }
-    if let notice = PortChangeNotice.pacInvalidation(
-      from: controller.settings.listen, to: draft.listen)
-    {
-      pendingPACNotice = notice
-      return
-    }
-    commit(draft)
-  }
-
-  /// 用户确认 PAC 失效提示后提交。
-  func confirmPACNotice() {
-    pendingPACNotice = nil
-    guard canSave else { return }
-    commit(draft)
-  }
-
-  /// 取消挂起的保存。
-  func cancelPACNotice() {
-    pendingPACNotice = nil
-  }
-
-  /// 重置偏好：恢复出厂值并停止运行中的代理；持久化失败保留旧值并点名。
-  /// 登录启动项与快捷键意图是独立偏好域，不在此事务内。
-  func reset() {
-    isSaving = true
-    errorMessage = nil
-    Task { @MainActor in
-      do {
-        try await controller.resetPreferences()
-        adoptCommittedSettings()
-      } catch {
-        errorMessage = presentedReason(for: error)
-      }
-      isSaving = false
-    }
+  /// 回到已提交快照：放弃未保存修改；监听设置未变时仍刷新占用，避免陈旧提示。
+  func reloadFromCommitted() {
+    adoptCommittedSettings()
   }
 
   // MARK: - 提交与占用探测（implementation，UI 不可见）
 
-  private func commit(_ settings: ProxySettings) {
-    isSaving = true
-    errorMessage = nil
+  /// 重置事务的范围摘要（story 25）：与 `resetPreferences` 的实际事务一致——
+  /// 全部偏好（含端口、监听范围与 PAC 设置）回出厂值，运行中的代理停止。
+  private static let resetSummary =
+    "端口、监听范围和 PAC 设置等全部偏好都会恢复为出厂值，运行中的代理会停止。"
+
+  private var committedListen: SslocalListenSettings {
+    committing.committedSettings.listen
+  }
+
+  private func makeSettings(from draft: SettingsDraft) -> ProxySettings {
+    SettingsDraftAdapter.settings(from: draft, preservingModeOf: committing.committedSettings)
+  }
+
+  /// 端口是否正是当前运行中的代理在用的端口（保存其他设置不会触发冲突）。
+  /// 例外只影响保存门禁与提示，不改持久化；HTTP 端点还需已提交侧启用入站。
+  private func isRuntimePortException(_ id: SettingsPortID) -> Bool {
+    guard committing.isProxyRunning else { return false }
+    let endpoint = SettingsDraftAdapter.endpoint(for: id)
+    guard committedListen.configuredPort(for: endpoint) == draft.portValue(for: id) else {
+      return false
+    }
+    return id != .http || committedListen.httpProxyEnabled
+  }
+
+  private func listenFingerprint(of draft: SettingsDraft) -> ListenFingerprint {
+    ListenFingerprint(draft)
+  }
+
+  private func commit(_ proposed: ProxySettings) {
+    isCommitting = true
+    lastFailureMessage = nil
     Task { @MainActor in
       do {
-        try await controller.updateSettings(settings)
+        try await committing.updateSettings(proposed)
         adoptCommittedSettings()
       } catch {
-        errorMessage = presentedReason(for: error)
+        lastFailureMessage = Self.presentedReason(for: error)
       }
-      isSaving = false
+      isCommitting = false
     }
   }
 
-  /// 提交成功后回到已提交快照；监听设置未变时 didSet 不会重探，需显式刷新。
+  /// 提交成功或回到已提交快照：草稿回到已提交快照；监听设置未变时 didSet
+  /// 不会重探，需显式刷新。
   private func adoptCommittedSettings() {
-    let committed = controller.settings
-    let listenUnchanged = draft.listen == committed.listen
-    draft = committed
+    let next = SettingsDraftAdapter.draft(from: committing.committedSettings)
+    let listenUnchanged = listenFingerprint(of: draft) == listenFingerprint(of: next)
+    draft = next
     if listenUnchanged {
       refreshOccupancy()
     }
@@ -174,25 +266,27 @@ final class SettingsWorkflow: ObservableObject {
   private func refreshOccupancy() {
     occupancyGeneration += 1
     let generation = occupancyGeneration
-    let listen = draft.listen
+    let listen = makeSettings(from: draft).listen
     let probe = occupancyProbe
     Task { @MainActor in
       let result = await Task.detached(priority: .utility) {
         Dictionary(
-          uniqueKeysWithValues: ProxyEndpointKind.allCases.map { endpoint in
+          uniqueKeysWithValues: SettingsPortID.allCases.map { id in
             (
-              endpoint,
-              probe.occupancy(
-                port: listen.configuredPort(for: endpoint), bindAddress: listen.bindAddress)
+              id,
+              SettingsPortOccupancy(
+                probe.occupancy(
+                  port: listen.configuredPort(for: SettingsDraftAdapter.endpoint(for: id)),
+                  bindAddress: listen.bindAddress))
             )
           })
       }.value
       guard generation == occupancyGeneration else { return }
-      occupancy = result
+      occupancyByPort = result
     }
   }
 
-  private func presentedReason(for error: Error) -> String {
+  private static func presentedReason(for error: Error) -> String {
     if let error = error as? ProxySettingsStoreError {
       return error.presentedReason
     }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflowModels.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflowModels.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ba37fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/SettingsWorkflow/SettingsWorkflowModels.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import Foundation
+
+// MARK: - 平坦草稿（UI 形状，设置编辑态的唯一 source of truth）
+
+/// UI 形状端口标识：设置页三个端口字段的稳定标识。端口行与建议空闲端口命令
+/// 都用本标识；视图不导入探测层端点类型。
+enum SettingsPortID: CaseIterable, Hashable, Sendable {
+  case socks
+  case http
+  case pac
+}
+
+/// 平坦的 UI 形状编辑草稿：字段全部是 UI 原语。监听范围拆成布尔开关与公布
+/// 地址文本两个字段，端口与超时保持整数；持久化的当前模式不在草稿中。
+/// 与 Domain 快照的互转只在 `SettingsDraftAdapter`。
+struct SettingsDraft: Equatable, Sendable {
+  var isHostScope: Bool
+  var advertisedAddress: String
+  var socksPort: Int
+  var httpProxyEnabled: Bool
+  var httpPort: Int
+  var pacPort: Int
+  var udpRelayEnabled: Bool
+  var timeoutSeconds: Int
+  var verboseLogging: Bool
+  var proxyExceptions: String
+  var externalPACURL: String
+  var gfwListURL: String
+  var pacUserRules: String
+
+  func portValue(for id: SettingsPortID) -> Int {
+    switch id {
+    case .socks: socksPort
+    case .http: httpPort
+    case .pac: pacPort
+    }
+  }
+
+  mutating func setPortValue(_ value: Int, for id: SettingsPortID) {
+    switch id {
+    case .socks: socksPort = value
+    case .http: httpPort = value
+    case .pac: pacPort = value
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// MARK: - 按字段归位的校验问题
+
+/// 字段标识（按字段归位查询）；端口问题用端口标识变体。
+enum SettingsFieldID: Hashable, Sendable {
+  case advertisedAddress
+  case port(SettingsPortID)
+  case timeoutSeconds
+  case externalPACURL
+  case gfwListURL
+}
+
+/// 按字段归位的校验问题：每条载带点名文案（来自既有 Domain 错误的
+/// presentedReason；本次不收编文案归属）。
+enum SettingsFieldIssue: Equatable, Sendable {
+  case port(SettingsPortID, message: String)
+  case advertisedAddress(message: String)
+  case timeoutSeconds(message: String)
+  case externalPACURL(message: String)
+  case gfwListURL(message: String)
+
+  var field: SettingsFieldID {
+    switch self {
+    case .port(let id, _): .port(id)
+    case .advertisedAddress: .advertisedAddress
+    case .timeoutSeconds: .timeoutSeconds
+    case .externalPACURL: .externalPACURL
+    case .gfwListURL: .gfwListURL
+    }
+  }
+
+  var message: String {
+    switch self {
+    case .port(_, let message), .advertisedAddress(let message), .timeoutSeconds(let message),
+      .externalPACURL(let message), .gfwListURL(let message):
+      message
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// MARK: - 端口 field state
+
+/// 端口占用的类型化事实（UI 形状）：文案与颜色由视图决定。
+enum SettingsPortOccupancy: Equatable, Sendable {
+  case free
+  /// 端口不可绑定；占用进程名尽力解析（未知为 nil）。
+  case occupied(occupier: String?)
+  case unknown(detail: String)
+}
+
+/// 每个端口字段的 field state：三个端口行复用同一套呈现逻辑。
+struct SettingsPortFieldState: Equatable, Sendable {
+  let id: SettingsPortID
+  /// 该端口当前草稿值。
+  let draftValue: Int
+  /// 类型化占用事实；`nil` = 尚未探测。
+  let occupancy: SettingsPortOccupancy?
+  /// 该端口的字段问题点名文案。
+  let issues: [String]
+  /// 是否为运行中端口例外（代理在跑且端口未变；保存其他设置不会触发冲突）。
+  let isRuntimePortException: Bool
+  /// 是否可建议空闲端口（被占用且不是运行中端口例外）。
+  let canSuggestFreePort: Bool
+}
+
+// MARK: - 统一确认事实
+
+/// 确认事实（统一种类）：seam 裁定动作是否需要确认及摘要内容；视图只持有
+/// alert 呈现状态并把用户选择作为 typed command 发回。
+enum SettingsConfirmation: Equatable, Sendable {
+  /// PAC 地址将失效（摘要来自既有 PAC 失效判定的点名文案）。
+  case pacInvalidation(summary: String)
+  /// 重置偏好（摘要范围由 seam 裁定，与重置事务一致）。
+  case resetPreferences(summary: String)
+
+  var summary: String {
+    switch self {
+    case .pacInvalidation(let summary), .resetPreferences(let summary):
+      summary
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowInterfaceTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowInterfaceTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11afe56c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowInterfaceTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+import XCTest
+
+@testable import ShadowsocksX_NG2
+
+/// 设置工作流 UI-facing interface 测试（issue #44）：观察平坦草稿、按字段
+/// 归位的问题、端口 field state、确认事实与操作区投影；写入缝与占用探测
+/// 全部注入替身，不碰真实偏好文件、钥匙串与系统端口。
+@MainActor
+final class SettingsWorkflowInterfaceTests: XCTestCase {
+  private var committing: FakeSettingsCommitter!
+  private var probe: FakeOccupancyProbe!
+
+  override func setUpWithError() throws {
+    try super.setUpWithError()
+    committing = FakeSettingsCommitter()
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe()
+  }
+
+  private func makeWorkflow() -> SettingsWorkflow {
+    SettingsWorkflow(committing: committing, occupancyProbe: probe)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 校验问题按字段归位
+
+  func testPortOutOfRangeIssueLandsOnThatPortField() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.socksPort = 0
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.fieldIssues,
+      [
+        .port(
+          .socks,
+          message: PortSettingError.portOutOfRange(endpoint: .socks, port: 0).presentedReason)
+      ])
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.issues(for: .port(.socks)),
+      [PortSettingError.portOutOfRange(endpoint: .socks, port: 0).presentedReason])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .port(.pac)).isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  func testDuplicatePortIssueLandsOnBothPortsInvolved() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.httpPort = workflow.draft.socksPort
+
+    let message = PortSettingError.duplicatePort(
+      endpoint: .socks, otherEndpoint: .http, port: 11086
+    ).presentedReason
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.fieldIssues,
+      [.port(.socks, message: message), .port(.http, message: message)])
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.issues(for: .port(.socks)), [message])
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.issues(for: .port(.http)), [message])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .port(.pac)).isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  func testTimeoutIssueLandsOnTimeoutField() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 0
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.fieldIssues,
+      [.timeoutSeconds(message: ProxySettingsValidationError.invalidTimeout(0).presentedReason)])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .port(.socks)).isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  func testHostAddressIssueLandsOnAdvertisedAddressField() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.isHostScope = true
+    workflow.draft.advertisedAddress = "127.0.0.1"
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.fieldIssues.map(\.field), [.advertisedAddress])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .advertisedAddress)[0].contains("主机地址"))
+  }
+
+  func testExternalPACURLIssueLandsOnItsField() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.externalPACURL = "ftp://example.com/pac"
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.fieldIssues.map(\.field), [.externalPACURL])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .externalPACURL)[0].contains("外部 PAC URL"))
+  }
+
+  func testGFWListURLIssueLandsOnItsField() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.gfwListURL = "not a url"
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.fieldIssues.map(\.field), [.gfwListURL])
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.issues(for: .gfwListURL)[0].contains("GFW List URL"))
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 端口 field state
+
+  func testPortFieldStateReportsFreeOccupiedAndUnknownFacts() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11087], unknownPorts: [11089])
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .pac).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy, .free)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .http).occupancy, .occupied(occupier: "other-app"))
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .pac).occupancy, .unknown(detail: "无法判定"))
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).draftValue, 11086)
+  }
+
+  func testOccupiedPortCarriesOccupierFact() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11086])
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy, .occupied(occupier: "other-app"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).canSuggestFreePort)
+  }
+
+  func testDisabledHTTPEndpointDoesNotParticipateInSaveGating() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11087])
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.httpProxyEnabled = false
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .http).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .http).occupancy, .occupied(occupier: "other-app"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.canSave)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 运行中端口例外
+
+  func testRuntimePortExceptionWhenProxyRunsAndPortUnchanged() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11086])
+    committing.isProxyRunning = true
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).isRuntimePortException)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).canSuggestFreePort)
+  }
+
+  func testNoRuntimePortExceptionWhenProxyStopped() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11086])
+    committing.isProxyRunning = false
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).isRuntimePortException)
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
+  }
+
+  func testNoRuntimePortExceptionWhenPortChanged() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [12086])
+    committing.isProxyRunning = true
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.socksPort = 12086
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).isRuntimePortException)
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.canSave)
+  }
+
+  func testRuntimeExceptionRequiresCommittedHTTPInboundForHTTPPort() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [11087])
+    committing.isProxyRunning = true
+    var committed = committing.committedSettings
+    committed.listen.httpProxyEnabled = false
+    committing.committedSettings = committed
+
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .http).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.portFieldState(for: .http).isRuntimePortException)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 建议空闲端口
+
+  func testSuggestFreePortOnlyWritesThatPortFieldIntoDraft() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+
+    workflow.suggestFreePort(for: .socks)
+    await waitUntil(workflow.draft.socksPort != 11086)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.socksPort, 32768)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).draftValue, 32768)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.httpPort, 11087)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.pacPort, 11089)
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty, "建议只改草稿，必须经用户保存")
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 保存门禁
+
+  func testValidationIssuesBlockSave() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 0
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.canSave)
+
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting && workflow.pendingConfirmation == nil)
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  func testBlockingOccupancyBlocksSave() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [12086])
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.socksPort = 12086
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.canSave)
+
+    workflow.save()
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  func testSaveCommitsWhenGateClear() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.canSave)
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.updateCalls.first?.timeoutSeconds, 120)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 脏态
+
+  func testDirtyStateTracksDraftAgainstCommittedSnapshot() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.isDirty)
+
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.isDirty)
+
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.isDirty)
+
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.isDirty, "提交成功后草稿回到已提交快照")
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds, 120)
+  }
+
+  func testHiddenHostAddressLeftoverDoesNotReportDirty() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.isHostScope = true
+    workflow.draft.advertisedAddress = "192.168.1.10"
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.isDirty)
+
+    workflow.draft.isHostScope = false
+    XCTAssertFalse(
+      workflow.isDirty,
+      "仅本机模式下残留的地址文本不改变已提交快照，不算未保存修改")
+  }
+
+  func testModeIsNotPartOfTheDraft() async throws {
+    var committed = committing.committedSettings
+    committed.preferredMode = .global
+    committing.committedSettings = committed
+
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.updateCalls.first?.preferredMode, .global, "草稿不编辑当前模式")
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - PAC 失效确认
+
+  func testPACPortChangeArmsConfirmationBeforeCommit() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.pacPort = 13089
+
+    workflow.save()
+
+    guard case .pacInvalidation(let summary)? = workflow.pendingConfirmation else {
+      return XCTFail("应挂起 PAC 失效确认，实际 \(String(describing: workflow.pendingConfirmation))")
+    }
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("13089"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty, "未确认失效提示不得提交")
+
+    workflow.confirmPACNotice()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertNil(workflow.pendingConfirmation)
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.updateCalls.first?.listen.pacPort, 13089)
+  }
+
+  func testCancelingPACNoticeKeepsDraftAndDoesNotCommit() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.pacPort = 13089
+
+    workflow.save()
+    workflow.cancelPACNotice()
+
+    XCTAssertNil(workflow.pendingConfirmation)
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.pacPort, 13089, "取消后草稿保留待调整值")
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.committedSettings.listen.pacPort, 11089)
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.isDirty)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 重置确认
+
+  func testResetArmsConfirmationWithScopeSummaryFromSeam() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+
+    workflow.reset()
+
+    guard case .resetPreferences(let summary)? = workflow.pendingConfirmation else {
+      return XCTFail("应挂起重置确认，实际 \(String(describing: workflow.pendingConfirmation))")
+    }
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("端口"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("监听范围"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("PAC"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("全部偏好"), "摘要范围与重置事务一致")
+    XCTAssertTrue(summary.contains("代理"), "摘要点名运行中代理会停止")
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.resetCallCount, 0)
+  }
+
+  func testConfirmingResetUsesTheResetCommitEntry() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+
+    workflow.reset()
+    workflow.confirmReset()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.resetCallCount, 1)
+
+    XCTAssertNil(workflow.pendingConfirmation)
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty, "重置走重置提交入口，不走设置提交")
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft, SettingsDraftAdapter.draft(from: ProxySettings()))
+  }
+
+  func testCancelingResetDoesNotCommit() {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+
+    workflow.reset()
+    workflow.cancelReset()
+
+    XCTAssertNil(workflow.pendingConfirmation)
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.resetCallCount, 0)
+    XCTAssertTrue(committing.updateCalls.isEmpty)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 提交中与失败点名文案
+
+  func testCommitFailureSurfacesNamedReasonAndKeepsDraft() async throws {
+    committing.updateError = FakeCommitError.io
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.lastFailureMessage != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.lastFailureMessage?.contains("fake-io-error") == true)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertEqual(workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds, 120, "失败不吞掉草稿")
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.committedSettings.timeoutSeconds, 60, "失败不半提交")
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.isDirty)
+  }
+
+  func testStorageAndCredentialFailuresNameTheReason() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+
+    committing.updateError = ProxySettingsStoreError.ioFailure(detail: "disk full")
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.lastFailureMessage, ProxySettingsStoreError.ioFailure(detail: "x").presentedReason)
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.lastFailureMessage?.contains("偏好文件") == true)
+
+    committing.updateError = ProxySettingsStoreError.missingCredential(
+      ProxySettingsFileStore.externalPACReference)
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.lastFailureMessage?.contains("钥匙串") == true)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.lastFailureMessage,
+      ProxySettingsStoreError.missingCredential(ProxySettingsFileStore.externalPACReference)
+        .presentedReason)
+  }
+
+  func testCommittingStateBlocksRepeatedSave() async throws {
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
+
+    workflow.save()
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertFalse(workflow.canSave, "提交中保存门禁关闭")
+
+    workflow.save()
+    await waitUntil(!workflow.isCommitting)
+    XCTAssertEqual(committing.updateCalls.count, 1, "提交中不得重复触发")
+  }
+
+  func testResetFailureSurfacesNamedReason() async throws {
+    committing.resetError = FakeCommitError.io
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+
+    workflow.reset()
+    workflow.confirmReset()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.lastFailureMessage != nil)
+
+    XCTAssertTrue(workflow.lastFailureMessage?.contains("fake-io-error") == true)
+  }
+
+  // MARK: - 占用探测代际
+
+  func testStaleOccupancyResultDoesNotOverrideNewerGeneration() async throws {
+    let gated = GatedOccupancyProbe(
+      gatedAnswer: .occupied(occupier: "stale"), passThroughAnswer: .free)
+    let workflow = SettingsWorkflow(committing: committing, occupancyProbe: gated)
+
+    await waitUntil(gated.entered > 0)
+    gated.passThrough(.free)
+    workflow.draft.socksPort = 30086
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy == .free)
+
+    gated.releaseGatedCalls()
+    try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 50_000_000)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy, .free,
+      "过期的占用结果不得覆盖较新一轮")
+  }
+
+  func testReloadWithUnlistenChangesStillRefreshesOccupancy() async throws {
+    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe()
+    let workflow = makeWorkflow()
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy == .free)
+
+    probe.setAnswer(.occupied(occupier: "later"))
+    workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
+    await waitUntil(workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != .free)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy, .occupied(occupier: "later"),
+      "监听设置未变的刷新仍产生新占用事实")
+  }
+
+  private enum FakeCommitError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
+    case io
+
+    var description: String { "fake-io-error" }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTestSupport.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTestSupport.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1786d320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTestSupport.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import Foundation
+import XCTest
+
+@testable import ShadowsocksX_NG2
+
+/// 轮询等待异步投影落定（设置工作流测试共享）。
+func waitUntil(
+  _ condition: @autoclosure () -> Bool,
+  timeout: TimeInterval = 2,
+  file: StaticString = #filePath,
+  line: UInt = #line
+) async {
+  let deadline = Date().addingTimeInterval(timeout)
+  while !condition() && Date() < deadline {
+    try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 10_000_000)
+  }
+  XCTAssertTrue(condition(), file: file, line: line)
+}
+
+/// 设置工作流测试的写入缝替身（issue #44）：记录提交与重置调用，可注入
+/// 失败；不触碰真实偏好文件、钥匙串或运行时。
+@MainActor
+final class FakeSettingsCommitter: SettingsCommitting {
+  var committedSettings: ProxySettings = ProxySettings()
+  var isProxyRunning = false
+  var updateError: Error?
+  var resetError: Error?
+  private(set) var updateCalls: [ProxySettings] = []
+  private(set) var resetCallCount = 0
+
+  func updateSettings(_ proposed: ProxySettings) async throws {
+    if let updateError { throw updateError }
+    updateCalls.append(proposed)
+    committedSettings = proposed
+  }
+
+  func resetPreferences() async throws {
+    if let resetError { throw resetError }
+    resetCallCount += 1
+    committedSettings = ProxySettings()
+  }
+}
+
+/// 占用探测替身：按端口预设占用/不可判定，记录全部探测请求。
+final class FakeOccupancyProbe: PortOccupancyProbing, @unchecked Sendable {
+  private let lock = NSLock()
+  private let occupiedPorts: Set<Int>
+  private let unknownPorts: Set<Int>
+  private var requestedPorts: [Int] = []
+  private var answerOverride: PortOccupancy?
+
+  init(occupiedPorts: Set<Int> = [], unknownPorts: Set<Int> = []) {
+    self.occupiedPorts = occupiedPorts
+    self.unknownPorts = unknownPorts
+  }
+
+  var requested: [Int] {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    return requestedPorts
+  }
+
+  var callCount: Int {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    return requestedPorts.count
+  }
+
+  /// 覆盖全部端口的应答（占用代际测试用）。
+  func setAnswer(_ answer: PortOccupancy?) {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    answerOverride = answer
+  }
+
+  func occupancy(port: Int, bindAddress: String) -> PortOccupancy {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    requestedPorts.append(port)
+    if let answerOverride { return answerOverride }
+    if unknownPorts.contains(port) {
+      return .unknown(detail: "无法判定")
+    }
+    return occupiedPorts.contains(port) ? .occupied(occupier: "other-app") : .free
+  }
+}
+
+/// 分阶段占用探测替身（占用代际测试用）：门闩阶段的调用先记下自己的应答再
+/// 被扣住，`passThrough` 之后的调用立即返回新应答。用于把「旧一轮」结果钉在
+/// 新一轮之后落盘，验证过期结果不得覆盖。
+final class GatedOccupancyProbe: PortOccupancyProbing, @unchecked Sendable {
+  private let lock = NSLock()
+  private let gate = DispatchGroup()
+  private var isGated = true
+  private var enteredCount = 0
+  private var gatedAnswer: PortOccupancy
+  private var passThroughAnswer: PortOccupancy
+
+  init(gatedAnswer: PortOccupancy, passThroughAnswer: PortOccupancy) {
+    self.gatedAnswer = gatedAnswer
+    self.passThroughAnswer = passThroughAnswer
+    gate.enter()
+  }
+
+  /// 已进入探测的调用数（按端口标识序，socks 先于 http/pac）。
+  var entered: Int {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    return enteredCount
+  }
+
+  /// 之后的调用立即返回 `answer`；已进入且被扣住的调用仍持有各自应答。
+  func passThrough(_ answer: PortOccupancy) {
+    lock.lock()
+    defer { lock.unlock() }
+    isGated = false
+    passThroughAnswer = answer
+  }
+
+  /// 放行全部被扣住的调用（广播门闩）。
+  func releaseGatedCalls() {
+    lock.lock()
+    let wasGated = isGated
+    isGated = false
+    lock.unlock()
+    if wasGated {
+      gate.leave()
+    }
+  }
+
+  func occupancy(port: Int, bindAddress: String) -> PortOccupancy {
+    lock.lock()
+    enteredCount += 1
+    let gated = isGated
+    let answer = gated ? gatedAnswer : passThroughAnswer
+    lock.unlock()
+    if gated {
+      gate.wait()
+    }
+    return answer
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTests.swift
index 1a33db9a..46a641bf 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/SettingsWorkflowTests.swift
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import XCTest
 
 @testable import ShadowsocksX_NG2
 
-/// 设置工作流 module（Candidate 02）：保存门禁、占用反应、「当前运行端口」例外、
-/// PAC 失效确认、建议端口与重置的编排路径不经 SwiftUI 即可全测（占用探测与
-/// 运行时依赖全部注入替身）。
+/// 设置工作流与真实 `ProxyRuntimeController` 的提交路径集成（issue #44）：
+/// 界面投影与命令面已由 `SettingsWorkflowInterfaceTests` 用 fake 写入缝覆盖；
+/// 本文件保留确需端到端的场景，证明窄缝两端与运行时控制器的提交事务对齐。
 @MainActor
 final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
   private var runtime: ProxyRuntimeFixture.TemporaryRuntime!
@@ -33,24 +33,18 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
     try super.tearDownWithError()
   }
 
-  func testEditingListenSettingsRefreshesOccupancyAndBlocksSave() async throws {
-    probe = FakeOccupancyProbe(occupiedPorts: [12086])
+  func testSaveCommitsThroughTheRuntimeController() async throws {
     let pair = makePair()
 
-    pair.workflow.draft.listen.socksPort = 12086
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.occupancy[.socks] != nil)
-
-    guard case .occupied = pair.workflow.occupancy[.socks] else {
-      XCTFail("应呈现占用，实际 \(String(describing: pair.workflow.occupancy[.socks]))")
-      return
-    }
-    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.isCurrentRuntimePort(.socks))
-    XCTAssertTrue(pair.workflow.hasOccupiedPort)
-    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.canSave)
-
+    pair.workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
     pair.workflow.save()
-    await waitUntil(!pair.workflow.isSaving)
-    XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved, "门禁未过不得提交")
+    await waitUntil(!pair.workflow.isCommitting)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(settingsStore.saved?.timeoutSeconds, 120)
+    XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.timeoutSeconds, 120)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      pair.workflow.draft, SettingsDraftAdapter.draft(from: pair.controller.settings),
+      "提交后草稿回到已提交快照")
   }
 
   func testOccupiedPortMatchingTheRunningRuntimeDoesNotBlockSave() async throws {
@@ -58,80 +52,51 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
     let pair = try await makeRunningPair()
 
     pair.workflow.reloadFromCommitted()
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.occupancy[.socks] != nil)
+    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy != nil)
 
-    guard case .occupied = pair.workflow.occupancy[.socks] else {
-      XCTFail("替身应把运行端口报告为占用")
-      return
-    }
-    XCTAssertTrue(pair.workflow.isCurrentRuntimePort(.socks), "代理自身监听的端口不算冲突")
-    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.hasOccupiedPort)
+    XCTAssertEqual(
+      pair.workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).occupancy, .occupied(occupier: "other-app"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(
+      pair.workflow.portFieldState(for: .socks).isRuntimePortException,
+      "代理自身监听的端口不算冲突")
+    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.hasBlockingPortOccupancy)
     XCTAssertTrue(pair.workflow.canSave)
 
     pair.workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
     pair.workflow.save()
     await waitUntil(settingsStore.saved != nil)
     XCTAssertEqual(settingsStore.saved?.timeoutSeconds, 120)
-    XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.timeoutSeconds, 120)
-    XCTAssertEqual(pair.workflow.draft, pair.controller.settings, "提交后草稿回到已提交快照")
   }
 
   func testPACPortChangeRequiresConfirmationBeforeCommitting() async throws {
     let pair = makePair()
 
-    pair.workflow.draft.listen.pacPort = 13089
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.occupancy[.pac] != nil)
+    pair.workflow.draft.pacPort = 13089
     pair.workflow.save()
-
-    XCTAssertNotNil(pair.workflow.pendingPACNotice)
+    XCTAssertNotNil(pair.workflow.pendingConfirmation)
     XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved, "未确认失效提示不得提交")
 
     pair.workflow.confirmPACNotice()
     await waitUntil(settingsStore.saved != nil)
-    XCTAssertNil(pair.workflow.pendingPACNotice)
+    XCTAssertNil(pair.workflow.pendingConfirmation)
     XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.listen.pacPort, 13089)
   }
 
-  func testCancelingPACNoticeDiscardsThePendingSave() async throws {
-    let pair = makePair()
-
-    pair.workflow.draft.listen.pacPort = 13089
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.occupancy[.pac] != nil)
-    pair.workflow.save()
-    pair.workflow.cancelPACNotice()
-
-    XCTAssertNil(pair.workflow.pendingPACNotice)
-    XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved)
-    XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.listen.pacPort, 11089, "取消后已提交值保持")
-  }
-
-  func testValidationErrorsBlockSave() async throws {
-    let pair = makePair()
-
-    pair.workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 0
-    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.validationErrors.isEmpty)
-    XCTAssertFalse(pair.workflow.canSave)
-
-    pair.workflow.save()
-    await waitUntil(!pair.workflow.isSaving)
-    XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved)
-  }
-
   func testCommitFailureSurfacesPresentedReasonAndKeepsCommittedValues() async throws {
     settingsStore.saveError = FakeSaveError.io
     let pair = makePair()
 
     pair.workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds = 120
     pair.workflow.save()
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.errorMessage != nil)
+    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.lastFailureMessage != nil)
 
-    XCTAssertTrue(pair.workflow.errorMessage?.contains("fake-io-error") == true)
+    XCTAssertTrue(pair.workflow.lastFailureMessage?.contains("fake-io-error") == true)
     XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved)
     XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.timeoutSeconds, 60, "失败保留旧值")
     XCTAssertEqual(pair.workflow.draft.timeoutSeconds, 120, "草稿保留待修改值")
   }
 
-  func testResetRestoresFactorySnapshotIntoTheDraft() async throws {
+  func testConfirmedResetRestoresFactorySnapshotThroughTheRuntimeController() async throws {
     let pair = makePair()
     var custom = pair.controller.settings
     custom.timeoutSeconds = 120
@@ -139,22 +104,14 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
     XCTAssertEqual(pair.controller.settings.timeoutSeconds, 120)
 
     pair.workflow.reset()
+    XCTAssertNotNil(pair.workflow.pendingConfirmation, "重置恒先经 seam 裁定的确认")
+    pair.workflow.confirmReset()
     await waitUntil(pair.controller.settings == ProxySettings())
 
-    XCTAssertEqual(pair.workflow.draft, ProxySettings())
+    XCTAssertEqual(pair.workflow.draft, SettingsDraftAdapter.draft(from: ProxySettings()))
     XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved)
   }
 
-  func testSuggestPortWritesCandidateIntoDraftOnly() async throws {
-    let pair = makePair()
-
-    pair.workflow.suggestPort(for: .socks)
-    await waitUntil(pair.workflow.draft.listen.socksPort != 11086)
-
-    XCTAssertEqual(pair.workflow.draft.listen.socksPort, 32768, "高位段首个空闲且避开其他端点")
-    XCTAssertNil(settingsStore.saved, "建议只写草稿，必须经用户保存")
-  }
-
   // MARK: - 夹具
 
   private func makePair() -> (controller: ProxyRuntimeController, workflow: SettingsWorkflow) {
@@ -174,7 +131,7 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
       firewallExecutableURLs: [URL(fileURLWithPath: "/bundle/Helpers/sslocal")],
       firewallPollIntervalNanoseconds: 1_000_000,
       sendSignal: { _, _ in 0 })
-    let workflow = SettingsWorkflow(controller: controller, occupancyProbe: probe)
+    let workflow = SettingsWorkflow(committing: controller, occupancyProbe: probe)
     return (controller, workflow)
   }
 
@@ -192,19 +149,6 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
     return pair
   }
 
-  private func waitUntil(
-    _ condition: @autoclosure () -> Bool,
-    timeout: TimeInterval = 2,
-    file: StaticString = #filePath,
-    line: UInt = #line
-  ) async {
-    let deadline = Date().addingTimeInterval(timeout)
-    while !condition() && Date() < deadline {
-      try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 10_000_000)
-    }
-    XCTAssertTrue(condition(), file: file, line: line)
-  }
-
   private enum FakeSaveError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
     case io
 
@@ -229,32 +173,3 @@ final class SettingsWorkflowTests: XCTestCase {
     }
   }
 }
-
-/// 占用探测替身：按端口预设占用/不可判定，记录全部探测请求。
-final class FakeOccupancyProbe: PortOccupancyProbing, @unchecked Sendable {
-  private let lock = NSLock()
-  private let occupiedPorts: Set<Int>
-  private var unknownPorts: Set<Int>
-  private var requestedPorts: [Int] = []
-
-  init(occupiedPorts: Set<Int> = [], unknownPorts: Set<Int> = []) {
-    self.occupiedPorts = occupiedPorts
-    self.unknownPorts = unknownPorts
-  }
-
-  var requested: [Int] {
-    lock.lock()
-    defer { lock.unlock() }
-    return requestedPorts
-  }
-
-  func occupancy(port: Int, bindAddress: String) -> PortOccupancy {
-    lock.lock()
-    defer { lock.unlock() }
-    requestedPorts.append(port)
-    if unknownPorts.contains(port) {
-      return .unknown(detail: "无法判定")
-    }
-    return occupiedPorts.contains(port) ? .occupied(occupier: "other-app") : .free
-  }
-}