diff --git a/GLOSSARY.md b/GLOSSARY.md
index ad84b14a..a3bb5d2b 100644
--- a/GLOSSARY.md
+++ b/GLOSSARY.md
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 **配置组（Configuration group）**：
 具有名称和子节点顺序的容器，可包含服务器配置和嵌套配置组；每个节点最多属于一个父节点，组之间不形成环。
 
+**节点时间戳（Node timestamps）**：
+配置目录中每个节点（服务器配置或配置组）的创建时间与修改时间事实。创建时间是节点进入目录的时刻；修改时间是节点自身资料、或分组的直接子节点集合与顺序最后一次变化的时刻，移动节点本身不算修改。历史文档未记录的时间是未知事实，不做回填。
+
 **配置组导出（Configuration group export）**：
 用户请求生成的可分享文件快照，包含一个配置组及其全部后代的连接资料和所需凭据。它可以包含不具备激活条件的服务器配置。
 
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Duplicate.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Duplicate.swift
index 6070a039..8131d4e7 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Duplicate.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Duplicate.swift
@@ -38,17 +38,19 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
       return try commit { catalog in
         try copyEntry(
           entry, from: source, into: &catalog, parent: parent,
-          index: position + 1, name: name, journal: &journal)
+          index: position + 1, name: name, journal: &journal, now: Date())
       }
     } catch {
       throw CommitError(underlying: error, credentialRollback: journal.rollback())
     }
   }
 
+  /// 副本节点获得全新身份与全新时间戳（创建时间 = 复制时刻，ADR-0031）；
+  /// 每个新建节点的落点分组按结构敏感语义更新修改时间。
   private func copyEntry(
     _ entry: CatalogEntry, from source: ConfigurationCatalog,
     into catalog: inout ConfigurationCatalog, parent: NodeID?, index: Int? = nil,
-    name: String, journal: inout CredentialWriteJournal
+    name: String, journal: inout CredentialWriteJournal, now: Date
   ) throws -> NodeID {
     switch entry.kind {
     case .server(var fields):
@@ -57,16 +59,16 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
       if let reference = fields.pluginOptionsRef {
         fields.pluginOptionsRef = try copyCredential(reference, journal: &journal)
       }
-      return try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent, index: index)
+      return try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent, index: index, now: now)
     case .group(let fields):
-      let copy = try catalog.addGroup(name, to: parent, index: index)
+      let copy = try catalog.addGroup(name, to: parent, index: index, now: now)
       for child in fields.children {
         guard let childEntry = source.entry(for: child) else {
           throw CatalogError.nodeNotFound(child)
         }
         _ = try copyEntry(
           childEntry, from: source, into: &catalog, parent: copy,
-          name: childEntry.displayName, journal: &journal)
+          name: childEntry.displayName, journal: &journal, now: now)
       }
       return copy
     }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Import.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Import.swift
index 044966ce..8c8ad522 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Import.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Import.swift
@@ -83,8 +83,9 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
     }
     do {
       try commit { catalog in
+        let now = Date()
         for fields in prepared {
-          try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent)
+          try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent, now: now)
         }
       }
     } catch {
@@ -137,9 +138,14 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
     var journal = CredentialWriteJournal(credentials: credentials)
     do {
       let rootID = try commit { catalog in
-        try Self.mountImportSnapshot(
-          snapshot, fileNameFallback: Self.fileNameBase(fileName),
-          into: &catalog, parent: parent, journal: &journal)
+        // 一次导入一个写入时刻：根分组与全部后代节点共用（ADR-0031）。
+        let now = Date()
+        let base = snapshot.root.name.isEmpty ? Self.fileNameBase(fileName) : snapshot.root.name
+        let rootID = try catalog.addGroup(
+          Self.uniqueGroupName(base, in: catalog), to: parent, now: now)
+        try Self.mountSnapshotChildren(
+          of: snapshot.root, into: rootID, catalog: &catalog, journal: &journal, now: now)
+        return rootID
       }
       return .imported(count: Self.snapshotServerCount(snapshot.root), groupID: rootID)
     } catch {
@@ -148,38 +154,25 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
     }
   }
 
-  /// 快照 → 手动子树：根分组整棵挂入选中落点，嵌套分组与服务器按快照顺序
-  /// 重建。根组名取扩展根组名，缺失（扁平回退）时以文件名兜底，重名加序号。
-  private static func mountImportSnapshot(
-    _ snapshot: SubscriptionSnapshot,
-    fileNameFallback: String,
-    into catalog: inout ConfigurationCatalog,
-    parent: NodeID?,
-    journal: inout CredentialWriteJournal
-  ) throws -> NodeID {
-    let base = snapshot.root.name.isEmpty ? fileNameFallback : snapshot.root.name
-    let rootID = try catalog.addGroup(uniqueGroupName(base, in: catalog), to: parent)
-    try mountSnapshotChildren(
-      of: snapshot.root, into: rootID, catalog: &catalog, journal: &journal)
-    return rootID
-  }
-
+  /// 快照后代 → 手动子树：嵌套分组与服务器按快照顺序重建（根分组由调用方
+  /// 挂载）。嵌套组缺名以占位名兜底。
   private static func mountSnapshotChildren(
     of group: SubscriptionSnapshot.Group,
     into groupID: NodeID,
     catalog: inout ConfigurationCatalog,
-    journal: inout CredentialWriteJournal
+    journal: inout CredentialWriteJournal,
+    now: Date
   ) throws {
     for child in group.children {
       switch child {
       case .group(let nested):
         let nestedID = try catalog.addGroup(
-          nested.name.isEmpty ? "未命名分组" : nested.name, to: groupID)
+          nested.name.isEmpty ? "未命名分组" : nested.name, to: groupID, now: now)
         try mountSnapshotChildren(
-          of: nested, into: nestedID, catalog: &catalog, journal: &journal)
+          of: nested, into: nestedID, catalog: &catalog, journal: &journal, now: now)
       case .server(let leaf):
         try catalog.addServer(
-          importServerFields(from: leaf.record, journal: &journal), to: groupID)
+          importServerFields(from: leaf.record, journal: &journal), to: groupID, now: now)
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Subscriptions.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Subscriptions.swift
index 862bf791..4080e6b7 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Subscriptions.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow+Subscriptions.swift
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
       try commitSubscriptionDocument { catalog, subscriptions in
         // 固定分组挂在目录根（GLOSSARY.md「Subscription group」）；名称以 host
         // 兜底，首次成功刷新后跟随远端。
-        try catalog.addGroup(url.host ?? "", source: .subscription, id: record.groupID)
+        try catalog.addGroup(url.host ?? "", source: .subscription, id: record.groupID, now: Date())
         subscriptions.append(record)
       }
     } catch {
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
     var credentialJournal = CredentialWriteJournal(credentials: dependencies.credentials)
     do {
       try commitSubscriptionDocument { catalog, subscriptions in
+        let now = Date()
         // 凭据引用按节点身份复用：延续节点覆盖写秘密，不新增孤儿引用；
         // journal 保证快照提交失败时恢复旧秘密（story 29）。
         var reusedRefs: [NodeID: ServerCredentialRefs] = [:]
@@ -154,17 +155,17 @@ extension CatalogWorkflow {
         try Task.checkCancellation()
         let name = snapshot.root.name.isEmpty ? fallbackName : snapshot.root.name
         let document = CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot(name: name, root: resolved)
-        let replacedServers = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(document, into: summary.groupID)
+        let replacedServers = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(
+          document, into: summary.groupID, now: now)
         // 快照应用返回整个旧树；延续节点仍复用引用，不能按旧树直接删除秘密。
         let retainedRefs = Set(Self.credentialRefs(of: Array(catalog.entries.values)))
         obsoleteCredentialRefs = Set(Self.credentialRefs(of: replacedServers))
           .subtracting(retainedRefs)
         if let index = subscriptions.firstIndex(where: { $0.id == summary.id }) {
-          let succeededAt = Date()
-          subscriptions[index].status = .succeeded(at: succeededAt)
+          subscriptions[index].status = .succeeded(at: now)
           subscriptions[index].information =
             snapshot.information.isEmpty ? nil : snapshot.information
-          subscriptions[index].lastSucceededAt = succeededAt
+          subscriptions[index].lastSucceededAt = now
         }
       }
     } catch {
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow.swift
index a1e50d66..14af6d15 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/App/Application/CatalogWorkflow/CatalogWorkflow.swift
@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
     var journal = CredentialWriteJournal(credentials: dependencies.credentials)
     do {
       return try commit { [self] catalog in
+        let now = Date()
         let passwordRef = CredentialReference.fresh()
         try journal.save(draft.password, for: passwordRef)
         var fields = ServerFields(
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
         try Self.applyPluginSelection(
           draft.plugin, options: draft.pluginOptions, to: &fields,
           credentials: dependencies.credentials, journal: &journal)
-        return try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent)
+        return try catalog.addServer(fields, to: parent, now: now)
       }
     } catch {
       throw CommitError(underlying: error, credentialRollback: journal.rollback())
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
     let trimmed = name.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces)
     guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { throw ServerFormError.emptyName }
     return try commit { catalog in
-      try catalog.addGroup(trimmed, to: parent)
+      try catalog.addGroup(trimmed, to: parent, now: Date())
     }
   }
 
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
     let trimmed = name.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespaces)
     guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { throw ServerFormError.emptyName }
     try commit { catalog in
-      try catalog.renameGroup(id, to: trimmed)
+      try catalog.renameGroup(id, to: trimmed, now: Date())
     }
   }
 
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
   /// typed error 原样上抛。
   func move(_ id: NodeID, to parent: NodeID?) async throws {
     try commit { catalog in
-      try catalog.move(id, to: parent)
+      try catalog.move(id, to: parent, now: Date())
     }
   }
 
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
   /// Keychain 秘密；返回被删身份集合供 UI 清除失效选择（story 18）。
   func remove(_ id: NodeID) async throws -> RemovalOutcome {
     let removed: [CatalogEntry] = try commit { catalog in
-      try catalog.remove(id)
+      try catalog.remove(id, now: Date())
     }
     for ref in Self.credentialRefs(of: removed) {
       try? dependencies.credentials.delete(ref)
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ final class CatalogWorkflow: ObservableObject {
         try Self.applyPluginSelection(
           draft.plugin, options: draft.pluginOptions, to: &fields,
           credentials: dependencies.credentials, journal: &journal)
-        try catalog.updateServer(id, with: fields)
+        try catalog.updateServer(id, with: fields, now: Date())
       }
       serverUpdateSubject.send([id])
     } catch {
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogFileStore.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogFileStore.swift
index bd73ca98..5828c0f4 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogFileStore.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogFileStore.swift
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ struct CatalogFileStore {
   }
 
   /// v2 起携带订阅记录；v1（无订阅字段）仍可读取。v3 移除节点级 enabled
-  /// 语义；v4 把订阅失败字符串替换为 typed facts。读取兼容 v1–v4，写入
-  /// 始终使用 v4。
-  private static let supportedVersions: Set<Int> = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-  private static let currentVersion = 4
+  /// 语义；v4 把订阅失败字符串替换为 typed facts；v5 增加节点创建/修改时间
+  /// （v1–v4 读取为 nil 未知，不回填）。读取兼容 v1–v5，写入始终使用 v5。
+  private static let supportedVersions: Set<Int> = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  private static let currentVersion = 5
   private static let jsonEncoder: JSONEncoder = {
     let encoder = JSONEncoder()
     encoder.outputFormatting = [.prettyPrinted, .sortedKeys]
@@ -111,7 +111,8 @@ struct CatalogFileStore {
 
 /// 落盘文档形态：版本号 + 根子序 + 全量节点表（顺序语义在根序与分组显子序中）
 /// + 订阅记录（v2 起携带；v1 缺省为空）。v3 节点条目不再写出 `enabled`；
-/// v4 的失败状态只写 typed facts，不再写旧 `reason` 字段。
+/// v4 的失败状态只写 typed facts，不再写旧 `reason` 字段；v5 节点条目携带
+/// 创建/修改时间，未知（历史文档迁移节点）省略键。
 private struct CatalogFilePayload: Codable {
   var version: Int
   var rootChildren: [NodeID]
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogModels.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogModels.swift
index ac6390de..2a6ccf01 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogModels.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/CatalogModels.swift
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct GroupFields: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
   }
 }
 
-/// 目录树节点：公共字段 + 服务器叶子/分组形态。
+/// 目录树节点：公共字段（身份、来源、节点时间戳）+ 服务器叶子/分组形态。
 struct CatalogEntry: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
   enum Kind: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
     case server(ServerFields)
@@ -63,25 +63,34 @@ struct CatalogEntry: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
   let id: NodeID
   var source: NodeSource
   var kind: Kind
+  /// 节点进入目录的时刻；历史文档未记录时为 nil（未知，不回填，ADR-0031）。
+  let createdAt: Date?
+  /// 节点自身资料、或分组的直接子节点集合与顺序最后一次变化的时刻；未知为 nil。
+  var updatedAt: Date?
 
   private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
-    case id, source, enabled, kind
+    case id, source, enabled, kind, createdAt, updatedAt
   }
 
-  init(id: NodeID, source: NodeSource, kind: Kind) {
+  init(id: NodeID, source: NodeSource, kind: Kind, createdAt: Date?, updatedAt: Date?) {
     self.id = id
     self.source = source
     self.kind = kind
+    self.createdAt = createdAt
+    self.updatedAt = updatedAt
   }
 
   /// Reads the removed `enabled` field from v1/v2 documents only for migration;
-  /// its value has no meaning in the current domain model.
+  /// its value has no meaning in the current domain model. Node timestamps are
+  /// absent in v1–v4 documents and decode as nil (unknown, never backfilled).
   init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
     let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
     id = try container.decode(NodeID.self, forKey: .id)
     source = try container.decode(NodeSource.self, forKey: .source)
     _ = try container.decodeIfPresent(Bool.self, forKey: .enabled)
     kind = try container.decode(Kind.self, forKey: .kind)
+    createdAt = try container.decodeIfPresent(Date.self, forKey: .createdAt)
+    updatedAt = try container.decodeIfPresent(Date.self, forKey: .updatedAt)
   }
 
   func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
@@ -89,6 +98,8 @@ struct CatalogEntry: Codable, Equatable, Sendable {
     try container.encode(id, forKey: .id)
     try container.encode(source, forKey: .source)
     try container.encode(kind, forKey: .kind)
+    try container.encodeIfPresent(createdAt, forKey: .createdAt)
+    try container.encodeIfPresent(updatedAt, forKey: .updatedAt)
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalog.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalog.swift
index 9688945e..f1ede21a 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalog.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalog.swift
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import Foundation
+
 /// 配置目录：不可见的配置树根（GLOSSARY.md「Configuration catalog」）。有序顶层
 /// 子节点为服务器配置或配置组。存储形态：全量节点表 + 根序 + 各分组显子序；
 /// 单父由「一个身份只出现在一条子序里」构造保证，无环与来源分离由操作校验。
@@ -92,13 +94,16 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
 // MARK: - 变更
 
 extension ConfigurationCatalog {
+  /// 新建节点：创建时间与修改时间都是写入时刻（ADR-0031）；落点分组的
+  /// 直接子节点集合变化，按结构敏感语义更新该分组的修改时间。
   @discardableResult
   mutating func addServer(
     _ fields: ServerFields,
     source: NodeSource = .manual,
     id proposedID: NodeID? = nil,
     to parent: NodeID? = nil,
-    index: Int? = nil
+    index: Int? = nil,
+    now: Date = Date()
   ) throws -> NodeID {
     let id = proposedID ?? .fresh()
     guard entries[id] == nil else { throw CatalogError.duplicateID(id) }
@@ -106,7 +111,9 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
       throw CatalogError.subscriptionServerAtRoot(id)
     }
     try place(id, source: source, parent: parent, index: index, excluding: nil)
-    entries[id] = CatalogEntry(id: id, source: source, kind: .server(fields))
+    entries[id] = CatalogEntry(
+      id: id, source: source, kind: .server(fields), createdAt: now, updatedAt: now)
+    touchParent(of: id, at: now)
     return id
   }
 
@@ -116,47 +123,66 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
     source: NodeSource = .manual,
     id proposedID: NodeID? = nil,
     to parent: NodeID? = nil,
-    index: Int? = nil
+    index: Int? = nil,
+    now: Date = Date()
   ) throws -> NodeID {
     let id = proposedID ?? .fresh()
     guard entries[id] == nil else { throw CatalogError.duplicateID(id) }
     try place(id, source: source, parent: parent, index: index, excluding: nil)
-    entries[id] = CatalogEntry(id: id, source: source, kind: .group(GroupFields(name: name)))
+    entries[id] = CatalogEntry(
+      id: id, source: source, kind: .group(GroupFields(name: name)),
+      createdAt: now, updatedAt: now)
+    touchParent(of: id, at: now)
     return id
   }
 
-  mutating func renameGroup(_ id: NodeID, to name: String) throws {
+  /// 重命名分组：内容未变（同名）不更新修改时间。
+  mutating func renameGroup(_ id: NodeID, to name: String, now: Date = Date()) throws {
     guard var entry = entries[id] else { throw CatalogError.nodeNotFound(id) }
     guard entry.source == .manual else { throw CatalogError.subscriptionNodeImmutable(id) }
     guard case .group(var fields) = entry.kind else { throw CatalogError.notAGroup(id) }
+    guard fields.name != name else { return }
     fields.name = name
     entry.kind = .group(fields)
+    entry.updatedAt = now
     entries[id] = entry
   }
 
-  mutating func updateServer(_ id: NodeID, with fields: ServerFields) throws {
+  /// 更新服务器连接字段：内容未变不更新修改时间。
+  mutating func updateServer(_ id: NodeID, with fields: ServerFields, now: Date = Date()) throws {
     guard var entry = entries[id] else { throw CatalogError.nodeNotFound(id) }
     guard entry.source == .manual else { throw CatalogError.subscriptionNodeImmutable(id) }
     guard case .server = entry.kind else { throw CatalogError.notAServer(id) }
-    entry.kind = .server(fields)
+    let kind = CatalogEntry.Kind.server(fields)
+    guard entry.kind != kind else { return }
+    entry.kind = kind
+    entry.updatedAt = now
     entries[id] = entry
   }
 
   /// 移动节点（携带整棵子树）：目录根与手动组之间、手动组相互之间。
-  /// 同父移动即重排。跨来源、共享父、成环一律拒绝。
-  mutating func move(_ id: NodeID, to parent: NodeID?, index: Int? = nil) throws {
+  /// 同父移动即重排。跨来源、共享父、成环一律拒绝。被移动节点自身内容不变、
+  /// 修改时间不动；新旧落点分组的子节点集合/顺序变化，按结构敏感语义更新
+  /// （根层无分组，静默）。
+  mutating func move(_ id: NodeID, to parent: NodeID?, index: Int? = nil, now: Date = Date())
+    throws
+  {
     guard let entry = entries[id] else { throw CatalogError.nodeNotFound(id) }
     guard entry.source == .manual else { throw CatalogError.subscriptionNodeImmutable(id) }
     if let parent, parent == id || ancestors(of: parent).contains(id) {
       throw CatalogError.cycleDetected(id)
     }
+    let oldParent = parentIndex()[id]
     try place(id, source: entry.source, parent: parent, index: index, excluding: id)
+    if oldParent != parent { touch(oldParent, at: now) }
+    touch(parent, at: now)
   }
 
   /// 删除节点；手动分组递归删除整棵子树。返回被删除的节点（含其凭据引用，
   /// 供调用方清理 Keychain 秘密）。空组允许显式删除；空组本身持久保留。
+  /// 原落点分组失去子节点，按结构敏感语义更新其修改时间。
   @discardableResult
-  mutating func remove(_ id: NodeID) throws -> [CatalogEntry] {
+  mutating func remove(_ id: NodeID, now: Date = Date()) throws -> [CatalogEntry] {
     guard let root = entries[id] else { throw CatalogError.nodeNotFound(id) }
     guard root.source == .manual else { throw CatalogError.subscriptionNodeImmutable(id) }
 
@@ -168,7 +194,9 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
       removed.append(entry)
       entries[current] = nil
     }
+    let oldParent = parentIndex()[id]
     removeFromSiblings(id)
+    touch(oldParent, at: now)
     return removed
   }
 
@@ -254,10 +282,12 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
 
   /// 订阅快照原子应用（GLOSSARY.md 刷新契约）：以快照整体重建固定分组子树；
   /// 名称、结构、顺序和连接字段全部跟随远端（扩展缺失时由调用方给 URL host
-  /// 兜底）。返回被移除的旧服务器叶子（供调用方清理凭据）。
+  /// 兜底）。返回被移除的旧服务器叶子（供调用方清理凭据）。延续节点按内容
+  /// 比较决定时间戳：内容未变保留双时间戳，变化保留创建时间、更新修改时间；
+  /// 新节点两个时间戳都是写入时刻（ADR-0031）。
   @discardableResult
   mutating func applySubscriptionSnapshot(
-    _ snapshot: CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot, into groupID: NodeID
+    _ snapshot: CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot, into groupID: NodeID, now: Date = Date()
   ) throws -> [CatalogEntry] {
     guard let fixed = entries[groupID], case .group = fixed.kind else {
       throw CatalogError.notAGroup(groupID)
@@ -266,9 +296,11 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
       throw CatalogError.crossSourcePlacement(node: .subscription, container: fixed.source)
     }
 
-    // 先整树摘除旧成员（固定分组本身保留），收集被移除的服务器。
+    // 先整树摘除旧成员（固定分组本身保留），收集被移除的服务器；旧时间戳
+    // 以条目载荷整体留底，重建时逐节点比较。
     var removedServers: [CatalogEntry] = []
     let oldSubtree = try subscriptionSubtree(of: groupID)
+    let previous = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: oldSubtree.map { ($0.id, $0) })
     for entry in oldSubtree {
       if case .server = entry.kind { removedServers.append(entry) }
     }
@@ -279,8 +311,10 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
 
     // 远端权威重建：名称、结构、顺序、字段全按快照。
     var fixedFields = GroupFields(name: snapshot.name, children: [])
-    try insertSnapshotChildren(of: snapshot.root, into: &fixedFields)
-    entries[groupID]?.kind = .group(fixedFields)
+    try insertSnapshotChildren(of: snapshot.root, into: &fixedFields, previous: previous, now: now)
+    entries[groupID] = Self.stampedEntry(
+      id: groupID, source: .subscription, kind: .group(fixedFields),
+      previous: previous, now: now)
     return removedServers
   }
 
@@ -288,22 +322,27 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
   /// 分组的显子序。身份已由解析器按订阅作用域限定，与既有节点冲突即程序错误。
   private mutating func insertSnapshotChildren(
     of group: CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Group,
-    into fields: inout GroupFields
+    into fields: inout GroupFields,
+    previous: [NodeID: CatalogEntry],
+    now: Date
   ) throws {
     var childIDs: [NodeID] = []
     for child in group.children {
       switch child {
       case .server(let leaf):
         guard entries[leaf.id] == nil else { throw CatalogError.duplicateID(leaf.id) }
-        entries[leaf.id] = CatalogEntry(
-          id: leaf.id, source: .subscription, kind: .server(leaf.fields))
+        entries[leaf.id] = Self.stampedEntry(
+          id: leaf.id, source: .subscription, kind: .server(leaf.fields),
+          previous: previous, now: now)
         childIDs.append(leaf.id)
       case .group(let nested):
         guard entries[nested.id] == nil else { throw CatalogError.duplicateID(nested.id) }
         var nestedFields = GroupFields(name: nested.name, children: [])
-        try insertSnapshotChildren(of: nested, into: &nestedFields)
-        entries[nested.id] = CatalogEntry(
-          id: nested.id, source: .subscription, kind: .group(nestedFields))
+        try insertSnapshotChildren(
+          of: nested, into: &nestedFields, previous: previous, now: now)
+        entries[nested.id] = Self.stampedEntry(
+          id: nested.id, source: .subscription, kind: .group(nestedFields),
+          previous: previous, now: now)
         childIDs.append(nested.id)
       }
     }
@@ -312,6 +351,7 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
 
   /// 删除订阅：固定分组整棵子树连同固定分组本身一并移除（递归清除，不留
   /// 墓碑）。返回被删条目（含凭据引用，供调用方清理 Keychain 秘密）。
+  /// 固定分组的原落点（目录根）无分组形态，无修改时间可更新。
   @discardableResult
   mutating func removeSubscriptionSubtree(of groupID: NodeID) throws -> [CatalogEntry] {
     let subtree = try subscriptionSubtree(of: groupID)
@@ -321,4 +361,36 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
     removeFromSiblings(groupID)
     return subtree
   }
+
+  /// 按内容比较决定时间戳的条目构造（ADR-0031）：延续节点内容未变保留双
+  /// 时间戳，变化保留创建时间、更新修改时间；新节点双时间戳为写入时刻。
+  private static func stampedEntry(
+    id: NodeID,
+    source: NodeSource,
+    kind: CatalogEntry.Kind,
+    previous: [NodeID: CatalogEntry],
+    now: Date
+  ) -> CatalogEntry {
+    guard let old = previous[id] else {
+      return CatalogEntry(id: id, source: source, kind: kind, createdAt: now, updatedAt: now)
+    }
+    let updatedAt = old.kind == kind ? old.updatedAt : now
+    return CatalogEntry(
+      id: id, source: source, kind: kind, createdAt: old.createdAt, updatedAt: updatedAt)
+  }
+}
+
+// MARK: - 节点时间戳（ADR-0031）
+
+extension ConfigurationCatalog {
+  /// 更新节点修改时间；节点不存在或根层（nil）静默无操作。
+  private mutating func touch(_ id: NodeID?, at now: Date) {
+    guard let id, entries[id] != nil else { return }
+    entries[id]?.updatedAt = now
+  }
+
+  /// 子节点集合或顺序变化后更新其所在分组（类目录修改时间语义）；根层无分组。
+  private mutating func touchParent(of child: NodeID, at now: Date) {
+    touch(parentIndex()[child], at: now)
+  }
 }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/LegacyImport/LegacyImport.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/LegacyImport/LegacyImport.swift
index f4635040..5df7ab63 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/LegacyImport/LegacyImport.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Domain/LegacyImport/LegacyImport.swift
@@ -186,9 +186,11 @@ struct LegacyImportPlanner {
     existingDocument: CatalogDocument
   ) throws -> LegacyImportPlan {
     var catalog = existingDocument.catalog
+    let now = Date()
     let groupName = nextGroupName(in: catalog)
-    let groupID = try catalog.addGroup(groupName)
-    let serverImport = try importServers(snapshot.profiles, into: &catalog, groupID: groupID)
+    let groupID = try catalog.addGroup(groupName, now: now)
+    let serverImport = try importServers(
+      snapshot.profiles, into: &catalog, groupID: groupID, now: now)
     let report = LegacyImportReport(
       groupName: groupName,
       importedServerCount: serverImport.importedServerCount,
@@ -227,7 +229,8 @@ extension LegacyImportPlanner {
   private static func importServers(
     _ profiles: [LegacyServerSnapshot],
     into catalog: inout ConfigurationCatalog,
-    groupID: NodeID
+    groupID: NodeID,
+    now: Date
   ) throws -> ServerImportResult {
     var credentials: [CredentialReference: String] = [:]
     var skippedRecords: [LegacySkippedRecord] = []
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ extension LegacyImportPlanner {
           remark: profile.remark ?? "",
           pluginProgram: profile.plugin?.isEmpty == false ? profile.plugin : nil,
           pluginOptionsRef: pluginOptionsRef)
-        try catalog.addServer(fields, id: nodeID, to: groupID)
+        try catalog.addServer(fields, id: nodeID, to: groupID, now: now)
         importedServerCount += 1
       }
     }
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/CatalogFileStoreTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/CatalogFileStoreTests.swift
index ae22344f..439198b2 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/CatalogFileStoreTests.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/CatalogFileStoreTests.swift
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ final class CatalogFileStoreTests: XCTestCase {
       "订阅 URL 明文不得落盘（D5：只存凭据引用）")
   }
 
-  func testV3FailureReasonMigratesToLegacyAndV4SaveRemovesReason() throws {
+  func testV3FailureReasonMigratesToLegacyAndNextSaveRemovesReason() throws {
     let fixture = try CatalogFixtures.makeSubscriptionFixture(prefix: "migration")
     let record = SubscriptionRecord(
       id: NodeID(rawValue: "migration:source"),
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ final class CatalogFileStoreTests: XCTestCase {
 
     try store.save(loaded)
     let raw = try String(contentsOf: store.fileURL, encoding: .utf8)
-    XCTAssertTrue(raw.contains("\"version\" : 4"))
+    XCTAssertTrue(raw.contains("\"version\" : 5"))
     XCTAssertFalse(raw.contains("\"reason\""))
     XCTAssertFalse(raw.contains("provider.example"))
   }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ final class CatalogFileStoreTests: XCTestCase {
     XCTAssertTrue(loaded.catalog.isEmpty)
   }
 
-  func testLegacyEnabledFieldIsIgnoredAndNextSaveWritesV4WithoutIt() throws {
+  func testLegacyEnabledFieldIsIgnoredAndNextSaveWritesCurrentVersionWithoutIt() throws {
     let payload = """
       {"version": 1, "rootChildren": ["g"], "entries": [
         {"id": "g", "source": "manual", "enabled": false,
@@ -203,8 +203,49 @@ final class CatalogFileStoreTests: XCTestCase {
     try store.save(loaded)
 
     let raw = try String(contentsOf: store.fileURL, encoding: .utf8)
-    XCTAssertTrue(raw.contains("\"version\" : 4"))
-    XCTAssertFalse(raw.contains("\"enabled\""), "v4 不再写出节点级 enabled")
+    XCTAssertTrue(raw.contains("\"version\" : 5"))
+    XCTAssertFalse(raw.contains("\"enabled\""), "v3 起不再写出节点级 enabled")
+  }
+
+  // MARK: 节点时间戳（v5，ADR-0031）
+
+  func testNodeTimestampsRoundTripLosslessly() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let created = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_000)
+    let id = try catalog.addServer(
+      ServerFields(
+        address: "198.51.100.9",
+        port: 8388,
+        encryptionMethod: "aes-256-gcm",
+        passwordRef: CredentialReference(rawValue: "ref-timestamps"),
+        remark: "时间戳"
+      ),
+      id: NodeID(rawValue: "manual:timestamped"),
+      now: created
+    )
+
+    try store.save(CatalogDocument(catalog: catalog))
+    let loaded = try store.load()
+
+    let entry = try XCTUnwrap(loaded.catalog.entry(for: id))
+    XCTAssertEqual(entry.createdAt, created, "创建时间无损")
+    XCTAssertEqual(entry.updatedAt, created)
+  }
+
+  func testLegacyEntriesLoadWithUnknownTimestampsInsteadOfBackfill() throws {
+    let payload = """
+      {"version": 4, "rootChildren": ["g"], "entries": [
+        {"id": "g", "source": "manual",
+         "kind": {"group": {"_0": {"name": "G", "children": []}}}}
+      ]}
+      """
+    try payload.write(to: store.fileURL, atomically: true, encoding: .utf8)
+
+    let loaded = try store.load()
+
+    let group = try XCTUnwrap(loaded.catalog.entry(for: NodeID(rawValue: "g")))
+    XCTAssertNil(group.createdAt, "历史文档缺时间戳读取为未知，不回填")
+    XCTAssertNil(group.updatedAt)
   }
 
   /// 订阅记录 JSON 用真编码器生成：枚举 Codable 形状是实现细节，不在测试里手写。
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalogTimestampTests.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalogTimestampTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..125613e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Catalog/ConfigurationCatalogTimestampTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import XCTest
+
+@testable import ShadowsocksX_NG2
+
+/// 节点时间戳语义（ADR-0031）：节点自身资料变化更新自身修改时间；分组的
+/// 直接子节点集合或顺序变化更新该分组（类目录修改时间）；被移动节点自身
+/// 不动；内容未变不更新。订阅刷新按节点内容逐项比较。
+final class ConfigurationCatalogTimestampTests: XCTestCase {
+  private let time0 = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_000_000)
+  private let time1 = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_001_000)
+  private let time2 = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: 1_700_002_000)
+
+  // MARK: 手动子树
+
+  func testNewNodeStampsBothTimesAndBumpsParentGroup() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let group = try catalog.addGroup("组", now: time0)
+    let leaf = try catalog.addTestServer("a", to: group, now: time1)
+
+    let groupEntry = try XCTUnwrap(catalog.entry(for: group))
+    let leafEntry = try XCTUnwrap(catalog.entry(for: leaf))
+    XCTAssertEqual(groupEntry.createdAt, time0)
+    XCTAssertEqual(groupEntry.updatedAt, time1, "新增子节点更新落点分组修改时间")
+    XCTAssertEqual(leafEntry.createdAt, time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(leafEntry.updatedAt, time1)
+  }
+
+  func testUpdateServerBumpsOnlyWhenContentChanges() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let id = try catalog.addTestServer("a", now: time0)
+    guard case .server(var fields)? = catalog.entry(for: id)?.kind else {
+      return XCTFail("应为服务器叶子")
+    }
+
+    fields.port = 9999
+    try catalog.updateServer(id, with: fields, now: time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: id)?.updatedAt, time1, "内容变化更新修改时间")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: id)?.createdAt, time0, "创建时间保留")
+
+    try catalog.updateServer(id, with: fields, now: time2)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: id)?.updatedAt, time1, "内容未变不更新修改时间")
+  }
+
+  func testRenameGroupBumpsOnlyWhenNameChanges() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let group = try catalog.addGroup("旧名", now: time0)
+
+    try catalog.renameGroup(group, to: "旧名", now: time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: group)?.updatedAt, time0, "同名重命名是内容未变")
+
+    try catalog.renameGroup(group, to: "新名", now: time2)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: group)?.updatedAt, time2)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: group)?.createdAt, time0)
+  }
+
+  func testMoveBumpsSourceAndTargetGroupsButNotMovedNode() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let source = try catalog.addGroup("源组", now: time0)
+    let target = try catalog.addGroup("目标组", now: time0)
+    let leaf = try catalog.addTestServer("a", to: source, now: time0)
+
+    try catalog.move(leaf, to: target, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leaf)?.updatedAt, time0, "被移动节点自身内容不变")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: source)?.updatedAt, time1, "原分组失去子节点")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: target)?.updatedAt, time1, "目标分组获得子节点")
+  }
+
+  func testReorderBumpsParentOnly() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let group = try catalog.addGroup("组", now: time0)
+    let first = try catalog.addTestServer("a", to: group, now: time0)
+    let second = try catalog.addTestServer("b", to: group, now: time0)
+
+    try catalog.move(second, to: group, index: 0, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(try catalog.children(of: group), [second, first])
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: group)?.updatedAt, time1, "直接子序变化更新分组")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: first)?.updatedAt, time0)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: second)?.updatedAt, time0)
+  }
+
+  func testRemoveBumpsParentGroupOfRemovedRoot() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let group = try catalog.addGroup("组", now: time0)
+    let leaf = try catalog.addTestServer("a", to: group, now: time0)
+
+    _ = try catalog.remove(leaf, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(catalog.contains(leaf))
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: group)?.updatedAt, time1, "分组失去子节点")
+  }
+
+  func testRootLevelChangesDoNotTouchAnyTimestamp() throws {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    let first = try catalog.addTestServer("a", now: time0)
+    let second = try catalog.addTestServer("b", now: time1)
+
+    _ = try catalog.remove(first, now: time2)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: second)?.updatedAt, time1, "根层结构变化无分组可更新")
+  }
+
+  // MARK: 订阅快照刷新
+
+  private let groupID = NodeID(rawValue: "t:group")
+  private let nestedID = NodeID(rawValue: "t:nested")
+  private let leafA = NodeID(rawValue: "t:a")
+  private let leafB = NodeID(rawValue: "t:b")
+
+  private func fields(remark: String, port: Int = 8388) -> ServerFields {
+    ServerFields(
+      address: "203.0.113.7",
+      port: port,
+      encryptionMethod: "aes-256-gcm",
+      passwordRef: CredentialReference(rawValue: "ref-\(remark)"),
+      remark: remark
+    )
+  }
+
+  /// 固定分组（嵌套分组 + 两个服务器叶子）与快照同构的目录夹具。
+  private func makeSubscriptionCatalog() throws -> ConfigurationCatalog {
+    var catalog = ConfigurationCatalog()
+    try catalog.addGroup("订阅分组", source: .subscription, id: groupID, now: time0)
+    try catalog.addGroup("嵌套分组", source: .subscription, id: nestedID, to: groupID, now: time0)
+    try catalog.addServer(
+      fields(remark: "a"), source: .subscription, id: leafA, to: groupID, now: time0)
+    try catalog.addServer(
+      fields(remark: "b"), source: .subscription, id: leafB, to: nestedID, now: time0)
+    return catalog
+  }
+
+  /// 与夹具同构的快照（固定分组 = 嵌套分组 + 服务器 a；嵌套 = 服务器 b），
+  /// 各参数可单独改写以制造远端变化。
+  private func snapshot(
+    name: String = "订阅分组",
+    nestedName: String = "嵌套分组",
+    nestedChildren: [CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Child]
+  ) -> CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot {
+    let nested = CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Group(
+      id: nestedID, name: nestedName, children: nestedChildren)
+    return CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot(
+      name: name,
+      root: CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Group(
+        id: NodeID(rawValue: "t:remote-root"), name: name,
+        children: [
+          CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Child.group(nested),
+          leaf(leafA, fields(remark: "a")),
+        ]))
+  }
+
+  private func leaf(
+    _ id: NodeID, _ leafFields: ServerFields
+  ) -> CatalogSubscriptionSnapshot.Child {
+    .server(.init(id: id, fields: leafFields))
+  }
+
+  func testIdenticalSnapshotRefreshKeepsEveryTimestamp() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let before = catalog
+    let snap = snapshot(nestedChildren: [leaf(leafB, fields(remark: "b"))])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog, before, "内容未变的刷新不动任何节点的时间戳")
+  }
+
+  func testChangedLeafBumpsOnlyThatLeaf() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let snap = snapshot(nestedChildren: [leaf(leafB, fields(remark: "b", port: 9999))])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leafB)?.updatedAt, time1, "内容变化的叶子更新修改时间")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leafB)?.createdAt, time0, "延续叶子保留创建时间")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: nestedID)?.updatedAt, time0, "嵌套分组名称与直接子序未变")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.updatedAt, time0, "固定分组名称与直接子序未变")
+  }
+
+  func testNewLeafStampsFreshTimesAndBumpsItsParentGroup() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let leafC = NodeID(rawValue: "t:c")
+    let snap = snapshot(
+      nestedChildren: [leaf(leafB, fields(remark: "b")), leaf(leafC, fields(remark: "c"))])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leafC)?.createdAt, time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leafC)?.updatedAt, time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: nestedID)?.updatedAt, time1, "嵌套分组直接子节点集合变化")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.updatedAt, time0, "固定分组直接子序未变")
+  }
+
+  func testRemoteRenameBumpsOnlyRenamedGroup() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let snap = snapshot(
+      nestedName: "远端新名", nestedChildren: [leaf(leafB, fields(remark: "b"))])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: nestedID)?.updatedAt, time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: leafB)?.updatedAt, time0)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.updatedAt, time0, "固定分组自身名称未变")
+  }
+
+  func testRemoteFixedGroupNameChangeBumpsFixedGroup() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let snap = snapshot(
+      name: "远端新订阅名", nestedChildren: [leaf(leafB, fields(remark: "b"))])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.updatedAt, time1)
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.createdAt, time0, "固定分组身份客户端所有，创建时间保留")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: nestedID)?.updatedAt, time0)
+  }
+
+  func testRemovedLeafBumpsItsParentGroup() throws {
+    var catalog = try makeSubscriptionCatalog()
+    let snap = snapshot(nestedChildren: [])
+
+    _ = try catalog.applySubscriptionSnapshot(snap, into: groupID, now: time1)
+
+    XCTAssertFalse(catalog.contains(leafB))
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: nestedID)?.updatedAt, time1, "子节点被远端移除")
+    XCTAssertEqual(catalog.entry(for: groupID)?.updatedAt, time0)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Support/CatalogFixtures.swift b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Support/CatalogFixtures.swift
index 914aabb6..3af17fe9 100644
--- a/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Support/CatalogFixtures.swift
+++ b/ShadowsocksX-NG2/Tests/Support/CatalogFixtures.swift
@@ -78,10 +78,12 @@ extension ConfigurationCatalog {
     source: NodeSource = .manual,
     id: NodeID? = nil,
     to parent: NodeID? = nil,
-    index: Int? = nil
+    index: Int? = nil,
+    now: Date = Date()
   ) throws -> NodeID {
     try addServer(
-      CatalogFixtures.serverFields(remark: remark), source: source, id: id, to: parent, index: index
+      CatalogFixtures.serverFields(remark: remark), source: source, id: id, to: parent,
+      index: index, now: now
     )
   }
 }
diff --git a/docs/adr/0031-node-creation-and-modification-timestamps.md b/docs/adr/0031-node-creation-and-modification-timestamps.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..591a9f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/adr/0031-node-creation-and-modification-timestamps.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# 配置目录节点记录创建时间与修改时间
+
+Status: Accepted (2026-10-09)
+
+配置目录的每个节点（服务器配置与配置组）增加创建时间与修改时间事实，目录文档版本升至 v5（读取兼容 v1–v5，写入始终 v5）。修改时间采用结构敏感语义（类比目录 mtime）：节点自身资料变化（服务器的连接字段与名称、分组的名称）更新自身；分组的直接子节点集合或顺序变化（增删子节点、子节点移入移出、重排）更新该分组；被移动节点自身内容不变、修改时间不动；内容未变的写操作（同名重命名、同值字段提交、内容未变的订阅刷新）不更新任何时间戳。时间一律由调用方传入（`now: Date`），领域层保持无时钟纯值类型；一次逻辑变更（导入、复制、订阅快照应用）共享同一时刻。
+
+订阅子树同样维护时间戳：订阅刷新以快照整体重建，但逐节点与旧载荷比较——延续且内容未变的节点保留双时间戳，内容变化的保留创建时间、更新修改时间，新出现的节点双时间戳为写入时刻；固定分组身份客户端所有，其创建时间跨刷新保留。复制、URI/文件导入与 Legacy 导入产生的新节点，创建时间即操作时刻，与「全新本地身份」规则一致（ADR-0027）。历史文档（v1–v4）没有时间戳，读取为未知（nil）且不回填，与订阅 `lastSucceededAt` 的「旧文件缺失时不猜测」原则一致。
+
+## Considered options
+
+- 最窄语义（仅节点自身资料变化才更新，结构变化完全不动时间戳）：实现最简，但把服务器移入/移出分组、组内重排不会在任何节点留下痕迹，与「分组内容被改过」的用户直觉不符。被否。
+- 写入即更新（不比较内容，任何写操作都刷新相关节点）：无需比较逻辑，但内容未变的订阅刷新会刷新整棵子树的修改时间，同名重命名与同值保存也会伪造变化，事实失真。被否。
+
+## Consequences
+
+- v5 文档中未知的时间戳省略键；`CatalogEntry` 的 `Equatable` 包含时间戳，跨时间构造的目录夹具做整体相等比较时必须用受控时刻。
+- 展示 UI 不在本次范围内；后续直接读取节点的创建/修改时间即可，语义以本 ADR 与 GLOSSARY「节点时间戳」为准。