# Modernization measurements

## C++20 rewrite (2026-10-14)

Local macOS arm64 (Apple clang), Release, bundled dependencies. Baseline:
`master` at `553cdc7` (C). Comparison: the C++20 engine branch stack. Raw
JSON is in [measurements](measurements/) (`cpp20-*`). These are short
loopback runs on one machine, not capacity guarantees.

### Heap allocations per relayed connection

`tests/alloc_audit/measure_alloc.py --target 127.0.0.1`: 200 TCP connections
with a small payload each, after warm-up. Each value is allocations per
connection as ss-server / ss-local.

| Method | C | C++ |
|---|---:|---:|
| aes-256-gcm | 39.0 / 39.0 | 0 / 0 |
| chacha20-ietf-poly1305 | 33.1 / 33.0 | 0 / 0 |
| 2022-blake3-aes-256-gcm | 34.0 / 32.9 | 0 / 0 |
| aes-256-cfb (stream, since removed) | 27.1 / 26.4 | 0 / 0 |

With a host-name target (`localhost`, resolved by ss-server) the C++ programs
are still at 0, because c-ares allocates from its fixed heap. The C ss-server
rises to 89.1 per connection. UDP relaying is also 0 per datagram, where the C relay allocated a
64 KiB buffer for every one. ctest enforces all of this (`alloc_steady_*`, including
`alloc_steady_programs_*`).

### Size

Unstripped Release executables, in bytes:

| Program | C | C++ |
|---|---:|---:|
| ss-local | 1,086,888 | 1,129,960 |
| ss-server | 1,086,952 | 1,130,408 |
| ss-tunnel | 542,200 | 789,144 |

ss-tunnel grows because it now shares the full relay engine with the other
programs, including the resolver, the UDP relay and every codec.

### TCP throughput and memory

`tests/stress_test.py --size 100 --repeat 3`: median of three runs, server RSS
after the transfer.

| Cipher | C Mbps | C++ Mbps | C server RSS, KiB | C++ server RSS, KiB |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| aes-128-gcm | 6,353 | 6,285 | 3,472 | 3,648 |
| aes-256-gcm | 6,829 | 6,637 | 3,440 | 3,616 |
| chacha20-ietf-poly1305 | 3,037 | 2,891 | 3,456 | 3,664 |

The throughput differences are within the run-to-run spread, which is about
±20% for these 0.1–0.3 s transfers.

RSS with 1,000 established, idle connections through ss-local and ss-server
(aes-256-gcm):

| | C server | C++ server | C local | C++ local |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| idle | 2,624 KiB | 2,992 KiB | 2,272 KiB | 2,576 KiB |
| 1,000 connections | 60,256 KiB | 80,912 KiB | 54,416 KiB | 74,752 KiB |

Each connection slot carries about 104 KiB of inline buffers, against roughly
58 KiB that the C relay allocated on demand. The pool is reserved virtually at
startup and only touched slots become resident. A shared buffer pool with read
backpressure would cut this; it is the main open trade-off of the rewrite.

### UDP

`tests/measure_udp.py`: median payload Mbps over three runs of 2,000 echoed
1,200-byte packets.

| Cipher | C | C++ |
|---|---:|---:|
| aes-128-gcm | 80.9 | 81.4 |
| aes-256-gcm | 81.1 | 55.1 |
| chacha20-ietf-poly1305 | 56.2 | 65.6 |

This benchmark is dominated by Python and SOCKS round trips. Single runs vary
by more than 30% in both builds (for example, C aes-256-gcm ranged from 64 to
81), so no UDP throughput change is claimed either way.

### Reproduce

```sh
python3 tests/alloc_audit/measure_alloc.py --bin build/bin --shim build/lib/libss_alloc_audit.dylib \
    --method aes-256-gcm --target 127.0.0.1
python3 tests/stress_test.py --bin build/bin --size 100 --repeat 3 --json tcp.json
python3 tests/measure_udp.py --bin build/bin --output udp.json
```

## Bundled dependencies (2026-09-10)

Local macOS arm64 results, 2026-09-10. Base commit: `8fe386b`; comparison:
`feature/self-contained-portable-c`. Raw JSON lives in [measurements](measurements/).
These are short loopback measurements on one machine, not capacity guarantees.

## Size and runtime dependencies

Unstripped Release executable sizes in bytes:

| Program | Old system-shared | Old static dependencies | Bundled | Minimal |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| ss-local | 295,912 | 1,326,328 | 756,920 | 416,424 |
| ss-server | 314,360 | 1,500,968 | 962,632 | 622,024 |
| ss-tunnel | 268,680 | 828,712 | 416,440 | 397,704 |

Bundled programs link only macOS OS libraries (`libSystem`, and where needed
`libresolv`). They need no separately installed libev, c-ares, PCRE2, libsodium
or Mbed TLS. Compared with the old static-dependency build, ss-server shrinks
about 36%; minimal shrinks about 59%. Compared with a shared-dependency binary
alone, bundling makes the executable larger; that comparison excludes the old
libraries' disk footprint. Bundled source archives add roughly 12 MB to checkout
and release size. There is no configure-time network access or submodule fetch.

## TCP and resident memory

Median of three 100 MiB transfers using `tests/stress_test.py`, old shared
dependencies versus bundled. Both sets pass all nine transfers.

| Cipher | Before Mbps | Bundled Mbps | Before server RSS after, KiB | Bundled server RSS after, KiB |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| AES-128-GCM | 7,002 | 7,003 | 3,488 | 3,040 |
| AES-256-GCM | 7,776 | 8,498 | 3,488 | 2,992 |
| ChaCha20-IETF-Poly1305 | 3,439 | 3,268 | 3,472 | 3,072 |

Bundled tunnel RSS after transfer was about 2,000–2,032 KiB versus
2,576–2,592 KiB before. RSS includes OS accounting and shared-page effects;
this is not a proof of bounded memory under arbitrary workloads. Transfer times
are short (roughly 0.1–0.3 s), so the apparent AES-256 improvement and ChaCha
regression need longer controlled measurements before drawing performance claims.

## UDP

Median of three runs, 2,000 sequential 1,200-byte echo packets per run through
SOCKS5 UDP ASSOCIATE. Every packet's payload and relay source port are checked.

| Cipher | Before payload Mbps | Bundled payload Mbps |
|---|---:|---:|
| AES-128-GCM | 77.43 | 75.01 |
| AES-256-GCM | 81.34 | 63.33 |
| ChaCha20-IETF-Poly1305 | 78.65 | 67.89 |

This round-trip benchmark includes Python thread creation, scheduling and SOCKS
overhead. It shows lower observed UDP rates in this run, up to 22%; modernization
is not claimed to improve UDP throughput. The portable libsodium backend is a
maintenance/performance tradeoff. Optimized backends require separate compiler
probes and cross-platform known-answer tests before adoption.

Independently of these timings, the new interoperability test exposed the old
MTU-sized receive buffer truncating 4 KiB UDP payloads. Full datagram reception
now passes 1, 128, 1,200 and 4,096-byte interoperability cases against
shadowsocks-rust in both directions.

## Reproduce

```sh
python3 tests/stress_test.py --bin build-bundled/bin --size 100 --repeat 3 --json tcp.json
python3 tests/measure_udp.py --bin build-bundled/bin --output udp.json
python3 tests/interop.py --bin build-bundled/bin
python3 tests/interop.py --self --bin build-bundled/bin --plugin tests/sip003_fixture.py
```

Run comparisons serially. The baseline was rebuilt from its own worktree using
the preserved original dependency checkouts; no modernization fixes were applied
to that source. The historical curl interop harness obeyed `no_proxy` and could
bypass SOCKS, so its old results are excluded from compatibility evidence.