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Merge pull request #1457 from CyC2018/add-principle-diagrams

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补充原理示意图
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CyC2018
2026-10-25 19:35:17 +08:00
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parent bd246b9e97 0cd19245c7
commit 66e712517e
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notes/Java 容器.md
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@@ -754,6 +754,8 @@ new capacity : 00100000
- 为 0，那么 hash%00010000 = hash%00100000，桶位置和原来一致；
- 为 1，hash%00100000 = hash%00010000 + 16，桶位置是原位置 + 16。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/hashmap-resize.png" width="560px"/> </div><br>
#### 7. 计算数组容量
HashMap 构造函数允许用户传入的容量不是 2 的 n 次方，因为它可以自动地将传入的容量转换为 2 的 n 次方。
notes/Socket.md
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@@ -234,6 +234,8 @@ epoll_ctl() 用于向内核注册新的描述符或者是改变某个文件描
从上面的描述可以看出，epoll 只需要将描述符从进程缓冲区向内核缓冲区拷贝一次，并且进程不需要通过轮询来获得事件完成的描述符。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/epoll.png" width="600px"/> </div><br>
epoll 仅适用于 Linux OS。
epoll 比 select 和 poll 更加灵活而且没有描述符数量限制。
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notes/分布式.md
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@@ -210,6 +210,8 @@ TCC（Try-Confirm-Cancel）是在业务层面实现的两阶段提交，每个
Saga 将一个分布式事务拆分为多个本地事务，每个本地事务直接提交，并且都有一个对应的补偿操作。依次执行各个本地事务，如果某一个失败，就逆序执行前面已经提交的本地事务的补偿操作。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/saga.png" width="540px"/> </div><br>
Saga 没有预留资源的 Try 阶段，中间状态对其它事务可见，因此没有隔离性。它适合流程长、无法长时间锁定资源的业务，正向操作和补偿操作同样需要实现幂等。
### 本地消息表
@@ -226,6 +228,8 @@ Saga 没有预留资源的 Try 阶段，中间状态对其它事务可见，因
RocketMQ 的事务消息把本地消息表的工作交给了消息队列：生产者先发送一条对消费者不可见的半消息，再执行本地事务，然后根据执行结果通知 Broker 提交或者回滚这条消息。如果 Broker 长时间没有收到通知，会主动回查生产者的本地事务状态。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/rocketmq-transaction.png" width="540px"/> </div><br>
## 三、CAP
分布式系统不可能同时满足一致性（C：Consistency）、可用性（A：Availability）和分区容忍性（P：Partition Tolerance）。常见的“三选二”说法有误导性，因为网络分区是无法避免的故障，不是可以选择的选项。
notes/攻击技术.md
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@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ http://www.examplebank.com/withdraw?account=AccountName&amount=1000&for=PayeeNam
如果有账户名为 Alice 的用户访问了恶意站点，而之前刚访问过银行不久，登录信息尚未过期，那么就会损失 1000 美元。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/csrf.png" width="540px"/> </div><br>
这种恶意的网址可以有很多种形式，藏身于网页中的许多地方。此外，攻击者也不需要控制放置恶意网址的网站。例如他可以将这种地址藏在论坛，博客等任何用户生成内容的网站中。这意味着如果服务器端没有合适的防御措施的话，用户即使访问熟悉的可信网站也有受攻击的危险。改为 POST 请求也不能解决问题，攻击者可以使用自动提交的表单。
通过例子能够看出，攻击者并不能通过 CSRF 攻击来直接获取用户的账户控制权，也不能直接窃取用户的任何信息。他们能做到的，是欺骗用户浏览器，让其以用户的名义执行操作。
notes/数据库系统原理.md
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@@ -362,6 +362,8 @@ SELECT c FROM t WHERE c BETWEEN 10 and 20 FOR UPDATE;
(20, +∞)
```
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/next-key-locks.png" width="560px"/> </div><br>
## 七、关系数据库设计理论
### 函数依赖
notes/消息队列.md
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@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
Kafka、RocketMQ 等通过消费者组把两种模型结合起来：一条消息会发送给每个订阅它的消费者组，但在一个消费者组内只会被一个消费者消费。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/consumer-group.png" width="560px"/> </div><br>
发布与订阅模式和观察者模式有以下不同：
- 观察者模式中，观察者和主题都知道对方的存在；而在发布与订阅模式中，生产者与消费者不知道对方的存在，它们之间通过频道进行通信。
notes/系统设计基础.md
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@@ -111,6 +111,10 @@
- 降级：主动关闭部分非核心功能，从而保证核心功能可用；
- 熔断：某个依赖的服务持续出错时，暂时不再调用它而是直接返回默认结果，避免故障沿着调用链扩散。
漏桶以固定速率处理请求，桶满时丢弃新的请求；令牌桶以固定速率放入令牌，请求拿到令牌才能被处理，桶中积累的令牌允许一定的突发流量。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/rate-limit.png" width="580px"/> </div><br>
熔断器有关闭、打开和半开三种状态：失败率超过阈值时打开；打开一段时间后进入半开状态，放行少量请求试探，成功则关闭，失败则重新打开。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/circuit-breaker.png" width="500px"/> </div><br>
notes/缓存.md
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@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ CDN 主要有以下优点：
- 对这些不存在的数据缓存一个空数据，并设置较短的过期时间；
- 使用布隆过滤器保存所有存在的 Key，对不存在的 Key 的请求直接拒绝。
布隆过滤器用多个哈希函数把 Key 映射到位数组的多个位置并置为 1。查询时只要有一个位置为 0，Key 就一定不存在；全部为 1 时 Key 可能存在，存在一定的误判率。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/bloom-filter.png" width="560px"/> </div><br>
### 缓存击穿
指的是某个热点数据的缓存过期时，大量对它的请求同时到达数据库。
@@ -200,6 +204,8 @@ Redis Cluster 使用的不是一致性哈希，而是把 Key 映射到固定的
- 访问某个节点时，将其从原来的位置删除，并重新插入到链表头部。这样就能保证链表尾部存储的就是最近最久未使用的节点，当节点数量大于缓存最大空间时就淘汰链表尾部的节点。
- 为了使删除操作时间复杂度为 O(1)，就不能采用遍历的方式找到某个节点。HashMap 存储着 Key 到节点的映射，通过 Key 就能以 O(1) 的时间得到节点，然后再以 O(1) 的时间将其从双向队列中删除。
<div align="center"> <img src="pics/lru.png" width="560px"/> </div><br>
Java 的 LinkedHashMap 内部就是这种结构，把 accessOrder 设为 true 并重写 removeEldestEntry 方法，就可以直接得到一个 LRU 缓存。
```java
tools/diagram/src/bloom-filter.svg
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<line x1="370" y1="165" x2="460" y2="150" class="arrow "/>
<line x1="370" y1="220" x2="460" y2="205" class="arrow "/>
<text x="310" y="300" class="c">同一个组内，每个分区只分配给一个消费者</text>
<text x="310" y="318" class="c sub">每个组都会收到 Topic 的全部消息</text>
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tools/diagram/src/csrf.svg
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<style>
text { font-family: "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; fill: #666; font-size: 13px; }
.head { font-weight: bold; text-anchor: middle; }
.msg { text-anchor: middle; font-size: 12px; }
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<text x="300" y="28" class="title">CSRF 攻击过程</text>
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<rect x="43" y="45" width="94" height="30" rx="6" fill="#B0E3E6"/>
<text x="90" y="64.5" class="head">用户浏览器</text>
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<rect x="260" y="45" width="80" height="30" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
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<rect x="473" y="48" width="80" height="30" rx="6" class="shadow"/>
<rect x="470" y="45" width="80" height="30" rx="6" fill="#F3C6C2"/>
<text x="510" y="64.5" class="head">恶意网站</text>
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<text x="195" y="94" class="msg">① 登录</text>
<line x1="296" y1="140" x2="94" y2="140" class="arrow reply"/>
<text x="195" y="134" class="msg">Set-Cookie：会话 ID</text>
<line x1="94" y1="180" x2="506" y2="180" class="arrow"/>
<text x="380" y="174" class="msg">② 访问恶意网站</text>
<line x1="506" y1="220" x2="94" y2="220" class="arrow reply"/>
<text x="405" y="214" class="msg">返回含 &lt;img src="转账 URL"&gt; 的页面</text>
<line x1="94" y1="260" x2="296" y2="260" class="arrow"/>
<text x="196" y="254" class="msg note">③ 自动请求转账 URL，携带 Cookie</text>
<text x="310" y="304" class="note" text-anchor="start">Cookie 有效，执行转账</text>
</svg>
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tools/diagram/src/epoll.svg
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="640" height="330" viewBox="0 0 640 330">
<style>
text { font-family: "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; fill: #666; font-size: 12px; }
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</marker>
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<text x="320" y="28" class="title">select / poll 与 epoll</text>
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<rect x="95" y="80" width="140" height="34" rx="6" fill="#B0E3E6"/>
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<line x1="30" y1="150" x2="300" y2="150" class="line dash"/>
<text x="300" y="143" class="sub e">用户态</text>
<text x="300" y="163" class="sub e">内核态</text>
<rect x="330" y="50" width="290" height="265" rx="8" class="frame"/>
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<text x="610" y="143" class="sub e">用户态</text>
<text x="610" y="163" class="sub e">内核态</text>
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<text x="104" y="180" class="e sub">每次调用复制</text>
<text x="104" y="194" class="e sub">全部描述符</text>
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<rect x="70" y="203" width="160" height="40" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
<text x="150" y="221" class="b c">遍历全部描述符</text>
<text x="150" y="236" class="sub c">检查是否就绪</text>
<line x1="195" y1="200" x2="195" y2="117" class="arrow "/>
<text x="200" y="180" class="sub">返回后进程</text>
<text x="200" y="194" class="sub">再遍历一次</text>
<text x="165" y="290" class="c note">每次调用都是 O(N)</text>
<line x1="390" y1="117" x2="390" y2="200" class="arrow "/>
<text x="397" y="180" class="sub mono">epoll_ctl()</text>
<text x="397" y="194" class="sub">注册一次</text>
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<line x1="400" y1="215" x2="430" y2="245" class="line"/>
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<line x1="370" y1="245" x2="385" y2="275" class="line"/>
<line x1="430" y1="245" x2="415" y2="275" class="line"/>
<circle cx="400" cy="215" r="9" fill="#61646B"/>
<circle cx="370" cy="245" r="9" fill="#C0605A"/>
<circle cx="430" cy="245" r="9" fill="#61646B"/>
<circle cx="355" cy="275" r="9" fill="#61646B"/>
<circle cx="385" cy="275" r="9" fill="#61646B"/>
<circle cx="415" cy="275" r="9" fill="#C0605A"/>
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<line x1="560" y1="258" x2="560" y2="265" class="arrow "/>
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<path d="M430,245 C470,245 490,220 532,220" class="arrow dash"/>
<text x="478" y="267" class="c sub">就绪时回调</text>
<line x1="560" y1="202" x2="560" y2="117" class="arrow "/>
<text x="553" y="180" class="e sub mono">epoll_wait()</text>
<text x="553" y="194" class="e sub">只取就绪的</text>
</svg>
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tools/diagram/src/hashmap-resize.svg
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="620" height="290" viewBox="0 0 620 290">
<style>
text { font-family: "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; fill: #666; font-size: 12px; }
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.dash { stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }
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<defs>
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</marker>
<marker id="r" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse">
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</marker>
</defs>
<rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
<text x="310" y="28" class="title">HashMap 扩容时的桶下标</text>
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<rect x="190" y="70" width="20" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="210" y="70" width="20" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
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<text x="140" y="87" class="e">capacity = 16</text>
<text x="160" y="64" class="c sub">0</text>
<text x="260" y="64" class="c sub">5</text>
<text x="460" y="64" class="c sub">15</text>
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<rect x="252" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
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<rect x="294" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="308" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="322" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="336" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
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<rect x="364" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="378" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="392" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="406" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="420" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="434" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#B1DDF0" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="448" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="462" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
<rect x="476" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
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<rect x="532" y="220" width="14" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#999"/>
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<text x="130" y="237" class="e">capacity = 32</text>
<text x="147" y="260" class="c sub">0</text>
<text x="217" y="260" class="c sub">5</text>
<text x="441" y="260" class="c sub">21</text>
<text x="581" y="260" class="c sub">31</text>
<line x1="257" y1="97" x2="217" y2="217" class="arrow "/>
<line x1="263" y1="97" x2="441" y2="217" class="arrow "/>
<text x="205" y="150" class="e mono">hash 低 5 位 0 0101</text>
<text x="205" y="168" class="e ok">第 5 位为 0：仍在 5</text>
<text x="371" y="150" class="mono">hash 低 5 位 1 0101</text>
<text x="371" y="168" class="note">第 5 位为 1：移到 5 + 16 = 21</text>
<text x="310" y="280" class="c">桶 5 中的键值对扩容后只会落在 5 或 21</text>
</svg>
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tools/diagram/src/lru.svg
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<text x="70" y="179.5" class="c b mono">head</text>
<rect x="153" y="160" width="80" height="36" rx="6" class="shadow"/>
<rect x="150" y="157" width="80" height="36" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
<text x="190" y="179.5" class="c b mono">k2</text>
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<rect x="510" y="157" width="80" height="36" rx="6" fill="#E6E6E6"/>
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<text x="430" y="91.5" class="c mono">k1</text>
<line x1="430" y1="104" x2="430" y2="154" class="arrow dash"/>
<text x="70" y="217" class="c sub">哨兵</text>
<text x="550" y="217" class="c sub">哨兵</text>
<text x="190" y="217" class="c ok">最近访问</text>
<text x="430" y="217" class="c note">最久未访问，最先淘汰</text>
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tools/diagram/src/next-key-locks.svg
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<text x="255" y="214" class="c">+ Record Lock 11 = Next-Key Lock (10, 11]</text>
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<text x="310" y="60" class="c sub">索引值 10、11、13、20，每个区间前开后闭</text>
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tools/diagram/src/rate-limit.svg
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.green { stroke: #6A9F68; marker-end: url(#g); }
.dash { stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }
.line { stroke: #666; stroke-width: 1.3; fill: none; }
.frame { fill: none; stroke: #999; stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: 4 3; }
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<path d="M1,1 L9,5 L1,9" fill="none" stroke="#6A9F68" stroke-width="1.6"/>
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</defs>
<rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
<text x="320" y="28" class="title">漏桶与令牌桶</text>
<rect x="20" y="45" width="290" height="240" rx="8" class="frame"/>
<text x="30" y="63" class="b">漏桶</text>
<line x1="95" y1="80" x2="95" y2="108" class="arrow "/>
<line x1="125" y1="80" x2="125" y2="108" class="arrow "/>
<line x1="155" y1="80" x2="155" y2="108" class="arrow "/>
<line x1="185" y1="80" x2="185" y2="108" class="arrow "/>
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<rect x="104" y="163" width="82" height="18" rx="3" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
<rect x="104" y="141" width="82" height="18" rx="3" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
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<line x1="145" y1="212" x2="145" y2="250" class="arrow "/>
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<rect x="330" y="45" width="290" height="240" rx="8" class="frame"/>
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<line x1="430" y1="80" x2="430" y2="108" class="arrow "/>
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<circle cx="410" cy="195" r="9" fill="#F3D9A4" stroke="#D9B44A"/>
<circle cx="435" cy="195" r="9" fill="#F3D9A4" stroke="#D9B44A"/>
<circle cx="460" cy="195" r="9" fill="#F3D9A4" stroke="#D9B44A"/>
<circle cx="422" cy="175" r="9" fill="#F3D9A4" stroke="#D9B44A"/>
<circle cx="448" cy="175" r="9" fill="#F3D9A4" stroke="#D9B44A"/>
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<rect x="510" y="140" width="80" height="30" rx="6" fill="#B0E3E6"/>
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<text x="500" y="196" class="sub">取走令牌</text>
<line x1="550" y1="173" x2="550" y2="245" class="arrow green"/>
<text x="550" y="262" class="c ok">有令牌：处理</text>
<text x="550" y="278" class="c note">没有令牌：拒绝</text>
<text x="435" y="238" class="c sub">积累的令牌允许突发流量</text>
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tools/diagram/src/rocketmq-transaction.svg
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="600" height="408" viewBox="0 0 600 408">
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text { font-family: "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; fill: #666; font-size: 13px; }
.head { font-weight: bold; text-anchor: middle; }
.msg { text-anchor: middle; font-size: 12px; }
.note { font-size: 12px; fill: #C0605A; }
.ok { fill: #6A9F68; }
.title { font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; fill: #777; text-anchor: middle; }
.life { stroke: #BBB; stroke-width: 1; stroke-dasharray: 4 4; }
.arrow { stroke: #666; stroke-width: 1.3; fill: none; marker-end: url(#a); }
.reply { stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }
.lost { stroke: #C0605A; marker-end: url(#x); }
.shadow { fill: #C0C0C0; }
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<marker id="x" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto">
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<rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
<text x="300" y="28" class="title">RocketMQ 事务消息</text>
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<text x="100" y="64.5" class="head">生产者</text>
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<rect x="264" y="45" width="72" height="30" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
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<rect x="464" y="45" width="72" height="30" rx="6" fill="#B0E3E6"/>
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<text x="200" y="94" class="msg">① 发送半消息</text>
<line x1="296" y1="138" x2="104" y2="138" class="arrow reply"/>
<text x="200" y="132" class="msg">② 写入成功，消费者不可见</text>
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<text x="200" y="208" class="msg">④ 根据事务结果提交或回滚</text>
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<line x1="296" y1="290" x2="104" y2="290" class="arrow reply"/>
<text x="200" y="284" class="msg">⑤ 回查本地事务状态</text>
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<text x="200" y="322" class="msg">⑥ 提交或回滚</text>
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<text x="400" y="360" class="msg">⑦ 提交后投递消息</text>
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tools/diagram/src/saga.svg
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="600" height="220" viewBox="0 0 600 220">
<style>
text { font-family: "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; fill: #666; font-size: 12px; }
.title { font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; fill: #777; text-anchor: middle; }
.b { font-weight: bold; }
.c { text-anchor: middle; }
.e { text-anchor: end; }
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<marker id="r" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="7" markerHeight="7" orient="auto-start-reverse">
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<rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
<text x="300" y="28" class="title">Saga</text>
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<rect x="70" y="60" width="110" height="40" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
<text x="125" y="78" class="b c">T1</text>
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<rect x="230" y="60" width="110" height="40" rx="6" fill="#B1DDF0"/>
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<text x="445" y="78" class="b c">T3</text>
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<text x="125" y="168" class="b c">C1</text>
<text x="125" y="183" class="sub c">补偿 T1</text>
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<text x="285" y="183" class="sub c">补偿 T2</text>
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<line x1="227" y1="170" x2="183" y2="170" class="arrow red"/>
<text x="520" y="84" class="sub">正向依次执行</text>
<text x="470" y="150" class="note">失败后逆序补偿</text>
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