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Update 计算机操作系统 - 链接.md
重新绘制配图。
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CyC2018
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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ gcc -o hello hello.c
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这个过程大致如下：
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<div align="center"> <img src="https://cs-notes-1256109796.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/b396d726-b75f-4a32-89a2-03a7b6e19f6f.jpg" width="800"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/compile-pipeline.png" width="760px"/> </div><br>
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- 预处理阶段：处理以 # 开头的预处理命令；
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- 编译阶段：翻译成汇编文件；
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@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ gcc -o hello hello.c
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- 符号解析：每个符号对应于一个函数、一个全局变量或一个静态变量，符号解析的目的是将每个符号引用与一个符号定义关联起来。
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- 重定位：链接器通过把每个符号定义与一个内存位置关联起来，然后修改所有对这些符号的引用，使得它们指向这个内存位置。
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||||
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<div align="center"> <img src="https://cs-notes-1256109796.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/47d98583-8bb0-45cc-812d-47eefa0a4a40.jpg"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/static-link.png" width="760px"/> </div><br>
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## 目标文件
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@@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ gcc -o hello hello.c
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- 在给定的文件系统中一个库只有一个文件，所有引用该库的可执行目标文件都共享这个文件，它不会被复制到引用它的可执行文件中；
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- 在内存中，一个共享库的 .text 节（已编译程序的机器代码）的一个副本可以被不同的正在运行的进程共享。
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||||
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||||
<div align="center"> <img src="https://cs-notes-1256109796.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/76dc7769-1aac-4888-9bea-064f1caa8e77.jpg"/> </div><br>
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<div align="center"> <img src="pics/dynamic-link.png" width="760px"/> </div><br>
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<text x="530" y="146" class="c sub">可重定位目标文件</text>
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<text x="680" y="146" class="c sub">可执行目标文件</text>
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<text x="30" y="216" class="sub">前三步各自可以用 gcc 的选项单独执行；.i、.s 是文本文件，.o 和 hello 是二进制的 ELF 文件。</text>
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<text x="380" y="28" class="title">动态链接：链接时只记录依赖，运行时再加载共享库</text>
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<text x="68" y="140" class="c sub mono">main.o</text>
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<text x="148" y="140" class="c sub mono">libmath.so</text>
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<text x="148" y="156" class="c sub">只读取符号表</text>
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|
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||||
<text x="641" y="156" class="c sub">映射进内存，完成重定位</text>
|
||||
<text x="410" y="196" class="sub">多个进程共享同一份库的代码（.text），</text>
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||||
<text x="410" y="212" class="sub">库更新后不用重新链接程序</text>
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||||
<text x="30" y="280" class="sub">用 ldd prog 可以查看程序依赖的共享库；找不到某个库时程序启动失败，报 cannot open shared object file。</text>
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<text x="39" y="80" class="sub mono">// main.c</text>
|
||||
<text x="39" y="96" class="sub mono">int sum(int *a, int n);</text>
|
||||
<text x="39" y="112" class="sub mono">int main() { return sum(arr, 2); }</text>
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<text x="319" y="80" class="sub mono">// sum.c</text>
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<text x="319" y="96" class="sub mono">int sum(int *a, int n) {</text>
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<text x="319" y="112" class="sub mono"> ... }</text>
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<text x="162" y="164" class="sub mono b" style="fill:#444">main.o</text>
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<text x="162" y="180" class="sub note">引用 sum，地址未知</text>
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<text x="402" y="180" class="sub ok">定义 sum</text>
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<text x="290" y="235.5" class="c sub b">链接器 ld</text>
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<line x1="380" y1="192" x2="340" y2="212" class="arrow "/>
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<line x1="384" y1="231" x2="470" y2="231" class="arrow "/>
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<path d="M476,208 h27 l9,9 v35 h-36 z" fill="#C6ECE9" stroke="#7DBCB7" stroke-width="1.2"/>
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<path d="M503,208 v9 h9" fill="none" stroke="#7DBCB7" stroke-width="1"/>
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<text x="520" y="226" class="sub mono b" style="fill:#444">prog</text>
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<text x="520" y="242" class="sub">可执行目标文件</text>
|
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<text x="560" y="80" class="sub" style="fill:#444">① 符号解析：把 main.o 中</text>
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||||
<text x="560" y="96" class="sub" style="fill:#444">对 sum 的引用对应到</text>
|
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<text x="560" y="112" class="sub" style="fill:#444">sum.o 中的定义</text>
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<text x="560" y="144" class="sub" style="fill:#444">② 重定位：合并代码后确定</text>
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<text x="560" y="160" class="sub" style="fill:#444">sum 的地址，填回 main 中</text>
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<text x="560" y="176" class="sub" style="fill:#444">调用指令的地址字段</text>
|
||||
<text x="30" y="286" class="sub">找不到定义时报 undefined reference，出现两个同名的强定义时报 multiple definition，都是在符号解析这一步发现的。</text>
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</svg>
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 5.5 KiB |
Reference in New Issue
Block a user